Biblio du mois : Mai 2017
31 mai 2017
Avec les prémices de canicule, pour vous aider à souffler un peu, voici une biblio du mois toute fraiche !
Au programme, du chaud-cacao avec du sepsis dont plusieurs études insistant sur l’urgence de traiter avec une attention particulière sur la dose réalisée après celle des urgences et du plus apéri-frais avec de la ventilation dont un article spécial physio-dédicasse de remise à niveau par le grand Mr West (pour rappel, si vous ne voyez pas de qui on parle, consultez notre page des livres dits indispensables : https://www.ajar-online.fr/category/formation/la-bibliotheque-de-lajar/les-indispensables/).
Enfin, pour accompagner l’actualité de l’AJAR, une étude sur une association entre Médecins remplaçants et Surmortalité en Réanimation pour vous remercier d’avoir participé à la soirée Remplas 😉 ET une étude sur l’effet des anesthésiques volatiles sur les transplants rénaux pour vous rappeler la journée exceptionnelle du Samedi 1er Juillet 2017 dédiée au Don d’organes avec un nouveau format interactif (get ready to debate !).Inscrivez-vous vite : https://www.ajar-online.fr/dondorganes/
Top chrono la gestion du Sepsis !
Seymour et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1703058?query=featured_home
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703058
Background
In 2013, New York began requiring hospitals to follow protocols for the early identification and treatment of sepsis. However, there is controversy about whether more rapid treatment of sepsis improves outcomes in patients.
Methods
We studied data from patients with sepsis and septic shock that were reported to the New York State Department of Health from April 1, 2014, to June 30, 2016. Patients had a sepsis protocol initiated within 6 hours after arrival in the emergency department and had all items in a 3-hour bundle of care for patients with sepsis (i.e., blood cultures, broad-spectrum antibiotic agents, and lactate measurement) completed within 12 hours. Multilevel models were used to assess the associations between the time until completion of the 3-hour bundle and risk-adjusted mortality. We also examined the times to the administration of antibiotics and to the completion of an initial bolus of intravenous fluid.
Results
Among 49,331 patients at 149 hospitals, 40,696 (82.5%) had the 3-hour bundle completed within 3 hours. The median time to completion of the 3-hour bundle was 1.30 hours (interquartile range, 0.65 to 2.35), the median time to the administration of antibiotics was 0.95 hours (interquartile range, 0.35 to 1.95), and the median time to completion of the fluid bolus was 2.56 hours (interquartile range, 1.33 to 4.20). Among patients who had the 3-hour bundle completed within 12 hours, a longer time to the completion of the bundle was associated with higher risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.04 per hour; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 1.05; P<0.001), as was a longer time to the administration of antibiotics (odds ratio, 1.04 per hour; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.06; P<0.001) but not a longer time to the completion of a bolus of intravenous fluids (odds ratio, 1.01 per hour; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.02; P=0.21).
Conclusions
More rapid completion of a 3-hour bundle of sepsis care and rapid administration of antibiotics, but not rapid completion of an initial bolus of intravenous fluids, were associated with lower risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality.
Angiotensine II comme traitement comme la vasoplégie du choc ?
Khanna et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1704154?query=featured_home
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1704154
Background
Vasodilatory shock that does not respond to high-dose vasopressors is associated with high mortality. We investigated the effectiveness of angiotensin II for the treatment of patients with this condition.
Methods
We randomly assigned patients with vasodilatory shock who were receiving more than 0.2 μg of norepinephrine per kilogram of body weight per minute or the equivalent dose of another vasopressor to receive infusions of either angiotensin II or placebo. The primary end point was a response with respect to mean arterial pressure at hour 3 after the start of infusion, with response defined as an increase from baseline of at least 10 mm Hg or an increase to at least 75 mm Hg, without an increase in the dose of background vasopressors.
Results
A total of 344 patients were assigned to one of the two regimens; 321 received a study intervention (163 received angiotensin II, and 158 received placebo) and were included in the analysis. The primary end point was reached by more patients in the angiotensin II group (114 of 163 patients, 69.9%) than in the placebo group (37 of 158 patients, 23.4%) (odds ratio, 7.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.76 to 13.3; P<0.001). At 48 hours, the mean improvement in the cardiovascular Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction) was greater in the angiotensin II group than in the placebo group (−1.75 vs. −1.28, P=0.01). Serious adverse events were reported in 60.7% of the patients in the angiotensin II group and in 67.1% in the placebo group. Death by day 28 occurred in 75 of 163 patients (46%) in the angiotensin II group and in 85 of 158 patients (54%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.07; P=0.12).
Conclusions
Angiotensin II effectively increased blood pressure in patients with vasodilatory shock that did not respond to high doses of conventional vasopressors.
Revue physiopathologique sur l’hypoxie chronique
West JB, NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1612008?query=featured_home
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1612008
Revue sur les MAV cérébrales
Solomon and Connolly, NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1607407
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1607407
Moins de décès dans les CHU versus les centres sans enseignements ?
Burke et al., JAMA, 2017
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2627971
Importance Few studies have analyzed contemporary data on outcomes at US teaching hospitals vs nonteaching hospitals.
Objective To examine risk-adjusted outcomes for patients admitted to teaching vs nonteaching hospitals across a broad range of medical and surgical conditions.
Design, Setting, and Participants Use of national Medicare data to compare mortality rates in US teaching and nonteaching hospitals for all hospitalizations and for common medical and surgical conditions among Medicare beneficiaries 65 years and older.
Exposures Hospital teaching status: major teaching hospitals (members of the Council of Teaching Hospitals), minor teaching hospitals (other hospitals with medical school affiliation), and nonteaching hospitals (remaining hospitals).
Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was 30-day mortality rate for all hospitalizations and for 15 common medical and 6 surgical conditions. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality stratified by hospital size and 7-day mortality and 90-day mortality for all hospitalizations as well as for individual medical and surgical conditions.
Results The sample consisted of 21 451 824 total hospitalizations at 4483 hospitals, of which 250 (5.6%) were major teaching, 894 (19.9%) were minor teaching, and 3339 (74.3%) were nonteaching hospitals. Unadjusted 30-day mortality was 8.1% at major teaching hospitals, 9.2% at minor teaching hospitals, and 9.6% at nonteaching hospitals, with a 1.5% (95% CI, 1.3%-1.7%; P < .001) mortality difference between major teaching hospitals and nonteaching hospitals. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, the same pattern persisted (8.3% mortality at major teaching vs 9.2% at minor teaching and 9.5% at nonteaching), but the difference in mortality between major and nonteaching hospitals was smaller (1.2% [95% CI, 1.0%-1.4%]; P < .001). After stratifying by hospital size, 187 large (≥400 beds) major teaching hospitals had lower adjusted overall 30-day mortality relative to 76 large nonteaching hospitals (8.1% vs 9.4%; 1.2% difference [95% CI, 0.9%-1.5%]; P < .001). This same pattern of lower overall 30-day mortality at teaching hospitals was observed for medium-sized (100-399 beds) hospitals (8.6% vs 9.3% and 9.4%; 0.8% difference between 61 major and 1207 nonteaching hospitals [95% CI, 0.4%-1.3%]; P = .003). Among small (≤99 beds) hospitals, 187 minor teaching hospitals had lower overall 30-day mortality relative to 2056 nonteaching hospitals (9.5% vs 9.9%; 0.4% difference [95% CI, 0.1%-0.7%]; P = .01).
Conclusions and Relevance Among hospitalizations for US Medicare beneficiaries, major teaching hospital status was associated with lower mortality rates for common conditions compared with nonteaching hospitals. Further study is needed to understand the reasons for these differences.
Etude SALT : Perspectives pour juger cristalloïdes balancés versus NaCl 0.9%
Semler et al., AJRCCM, 2017
http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201607-1345OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201607-1345OC
Rationale: Saline is the intravenous fluid most commonly administered to critically ill adults, but it may be associated with acute kidney injury and death. Whether use of balanced crystalloids rather than saline affects patient outcomes remains unknown.
Objectives: To pilot a cluster-randomized, multiple-crossover trial using software tools within the electronic health record to compare saline to balanced crystalloids.
Methods: This was a cluster-randomized, multiple-crossover trial among 974 adults admitted to a tertiary medical intensive care unit from February 3, 2015 to May 31, 2015. The intravenous crystalloid used in the unit alternated monthly between saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and balanced crystalloids (lactated Ringer’s solution or Plasma-Lyte A). Enrollment, fluid delivery, and data collection were performed using software tools within the electronic health record. The primary outcome was the difference between study groups in the proportion of isotonic crystalloid administered that was saline. The secondary outcome was major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30), a composite of death, dialysis, or persistent renal dysfunction.
Measurements and Main Results: Patients assigned to saline (n = 454) and balanced crystalloids (n = 520) were similar at baseline and received similar volumes of crystalloid by 30 days (median [interquartile range]: 1,424 ml [500–3,377] vs. 1,617 ml [500–3,628]; P = 0.40). Saline made up a larger proportion of the isotonic crystalloid given in the saline group than in the balanced crystalloid group (91% vs. 21%; P < 0.001). MAKE30 did not differ between groups (24.7% vs. 24.6%; P = 0.98).
Conclusions: An electronic health record–embedded, cluster-randomized, multiple-crossover trial comparing saline with balanced crystalloids can produce well-balanced study groups and separation in crystalloid receipt.
Efficacité d’une nouvelle combinaison thérapeutique pour la grippe (H3N2) ?
Hung et al, Chest, 2017
http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleID=2589092
doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.012
Background Influenza causes excessive hospitalizations and deaths. The study assessed the efficacy and safety of a clarithromycin-naproxen-oseltamivir combination for treatment of serious influenza.
Methods From February to April 2015, we conducted a prospective open-label, randomized, controlled trial. Adult patients hospitalized for A(H3N2) influenza were randomly assigned to a 2-day combination of clarithromycin 500 mg, naproxen 200 mg, and oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily, followed by 3 days of oseltamivir or to oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily without placebo for 5 days as a control method (1:1). The primary end point was 30-day mortality. The secondary end points were 90-day mortality, serial nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) virus titer, percentage of neuraminidase-inhibitor-resistant A(H3N2) virus (NIRV) quasispecies, pneumonia severity index (PSI), and duration of hospital stay.
Results Among the 217 patients with influenza A(H3N2) enrolled, 107 were randomly assigned to the combination treatment. The median age was 80 years, and 53.5% were men. Adverse events were uncommon. Ten patients died during the 30-day follow-up. The combination treatment was associated with lower 30-day mortality (P = .01), less frequent high dependency unit admission (P = .009), and shorter hospital stay (P < .0001). The virus titer and PSI (days 1-3; P < .01) and the NPA specimens with NIRV quasispecies ≥ 5% (days 1-2; P < .01) were significantly lower in the combination treatment group. Multivariate analysis showed that combination treatment was the only independent factor associated with lower 30-day mortality (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.004-0.94; P = .04).
Conclusions Combination treatment reduced both 30- and 90-day mortality and length of hospital stay. Further study of the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of this combination treatment of severe influenza is warranted.
Comparaison SDRA direct versus indirect
Luo et al., Chest, 2017
http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleID=2564470
doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.09.00
Background Direct (pulmonary) and indirect (extrapulmonary) ARDS are distinct syndromes with important pathophysiologic differences. The goal of this study was to determine whether clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality differ between direct or indirect ARDS.
Methods This retrospective observational cohort study included 417 patients with ARDS. Each patient was classified as having direct (pneumonia or aspiration, n = 250) or indirect (nonpulmonary sepsis or pancreatitis, n = 167) ARDS.
Results Patients with direct ARDS had higher lung injury scores (3.0 vs 2.8; P < .001), lower Simplified Acute Physiology Score II scores (51 vs 62; P < .001), lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (27 vs 30; P < .001), and fewer nonpulmonary organ failures (1 vs 2; P < .001) compared with patients with indirect ARDS. Hospital mortality was similar (28% vs 31%). In patients with direct ARDS, age (OR, 1.29 per 10 years; P = .01; test for interaction, P = .03), lung injury scores (OR, 2.29 per point; P = .001; test for interaction, P = .058), and number of nonpulmonary organ failures (OR, 1.67; P = .01) were independent risk factors for increased hospital mortality. Preexisting diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor for reduced hospital mortality (OR, 0.47; P = .04; test for interaction, P = .02). In indirect ARDS, only the number of organ failures was an independent predictor of mortality (OR, 2.08; P < .001).
Conclusions Despite lower severity of illness and fewer organ failures, patients with direct ARDS had mortality rates similar to patients with indirect ARDS. Factors previously associated with mortality during ARDS were only associated with mortality in direct ARDS. These findings suggest that direct and indirect ARDS have distinct features that may differentially affect risk prediction and clinical outcomes.
Méta-analyse sur les corticoïdes en prévention du stridor post-extubation
Kuriyama et al., Chest, 2017
http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleID=2607695
doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.017
Méta-analyse : Optiflow versus VNI dans l’insuffisance respiratoire aigue
Ni et al., Chest, 2017
http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleID=2598976
doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.004
Protection de transplants rénaux par anesthésie volatile ?
Nieuwenhuijs-Moeke et al., BJA, 2017
Background. Kidney transplantation is associated with harmful processes affecting the viability of the graft. One of these processes is associated with the phenomenon of ischaemia–reperfusion injury. Anaesthetic conditioning is a widely described strategy to attenuate ischaemia–reperfusion injury. We therefore conducted the Volatile Anaesthetic Protection of Renal Transplants-1 trial, a pilot project evaluating the influence of two anaesthetic regimens, propofol- vs sevoflurane-based anaesthesia, on biochemical and clinical outcomes in living donor kidney transplantation.
Methods. Sixty couples were randomly assigned to the following three groups: PROP (donor and recipient propofol), SEVO (donor and recipient sevoflurane), and PROSE (donor propofol and recipient sevoflurane). The primary outcome was renal injury reflected by urinary biomarkers. The follow-up period was 2 yr.
Results. Three couples were excluded, leaving 57 couples for analysis. Concentrations of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) in the first urine upon reperfusion showed no differences. On day 2, KIM-1 concentrations were higher in SEVO [952.8 (interquartile range 311.8–1893.0) pg mmol−1] compared with PROP [301.2 (202.0–504.7) pg mmol−1]. This was the same for NAG: SEVO, 1.835 (1.162–2.457) IU mmol−1vs PROP, 1.078 (0.819–1.713) IU mmol−1. Concentrations of H-FABP showed no differences. Measured glomerular filtration rate at 3, 6, and 12 months showed no difference. After 2 yr, there was a difference in the acute rejection rate (P=0.039). Post hoc testing revealed a difference between PROP (35%) and PROSE (5%; P=0.020). The difference between PROP and SEVO (11%) was not significant (P=0.110).
Conclusions. The SEVO group showed higher urinary KIM-1 and NAG concentrations in living donor kidney transplantation on the second day after transplantation. This was not reflected in inferior graft outcome.
Remplissage dans le choc septique : pas plus de 5 L le 1er jour ?
Marik et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
The optimal strategy of fluid resuscitation in the early hours of severe sepsis and septic shock is controversial, with both an aggressive and conservative approach being recommended.
Methods
We used the 2013 Premier Hospital Discharge database to analyse the administration of fluids on the first ICU day, in 23,513 patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, who were admitted to an ICU from the emergency department. Day 1 fluid was grouped into categories 1 L wide, starting with 1–1.99 L up to ≥9 L, to examine the effect of day 1 fluids on patient mortality. We built binary response models for hospital mortality and the propensity for receiving more than 5 L of fluids on day 1, using patient age and acute conditions present on admission. Patients were grouped by the requirement for mechanical ventilation and the presence or absence of shock. We assessed trends in the difference between actual and expected mortality, in the low fluid range (1–5 L day 1 fluids) and the high fluid range (5 to ≥9 L day 1 fluids) categories, using weighted linear regression controlling for the effects of sample size and variation within the day 1 fluid category.
Results
Day 1 fluid administration averaged 4.4 L being lowest in the group with no mechanical ventilation and no shock (3.6 L) and highest (5.4 L) in the group receiving mechanical ventilation and in shock. The administration of day 1 fluids was remarkably consistent on the basis of hospital size, teaching status, rural/urban location, and region of the country. The hospital mortality in the entire cohort was 25.8%, with a mean ICU and hospital length of stay of 5.1 and 9.1 days, respectively. In the entire cohort, low volume resuscitation (1–4.99 L) was associated with a small but significant reduction in mortality, of −0.7% per litre (95% CI −1.0%, −0.4%; p = 0.02). However, in patients receiving high volume resuscitation (5 to ≥9 L), the mortality increased by 2.3% (95% CI 2.0, 2.5%; p = 0.0003) for each additional litre above 5 L. Total hospital cost increased by $999 for each litre of fluid above 5 L (adjusted R2 = 92.7%, p = 0.005).
Conclusion
The mean amount of fluid administered to patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the USA during the first ICU day is less than that recommended by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. The administration of more than 5 L of fluid during the first ICU day is associated with a significantly increased risk of death and significantly higher hospital costs.
Dysfonction VG dans le sepsis : Mythe ou Réalité ?
Boissier et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
The clinical significance of septic myocardial dysfunction is controversial, a fact that may be explained by the influence of loading conditions. Many indices may be useful to characterize cardiac function during septic shock, but their feasibility and physiological coherence in the clinical setting are unknown.
Methods
Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data with tissue Doppler and speckle tracking were prospectively recorded on the first 3 days of human septic shock. Hypokinesia, normokinesia, and hyperkinesia were defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of <45, 45–60, and >60%, respectively. Twelve hemodynamic indices exploring contractility and loading conditions were assessed and analyzed.
Results
Two hundred and ninety-seven echocardiographies were performed in 132 patients. During the first 24 h (H1–24), 48 (36.4%) patients were hyperkinetic, 55 (41.7%) were normokinetic, and 29 (22.0%) patients were hypokinetic. Thirteen patients had a secondary hypokinesia absent at H1–24 but present at H25–48 or H49–72, for an overall incidence of 42 (31.8%) during the first 3 days. Despite a limited feasibility (<50%), global LV longitudinal peak systolic strain was impaired in a majority (>70%) of the patients assessed, including all those with depressed LVEF, and declined early in patients whose LVEF secondarily deteriorated. Most contractility indices were inversely correlated with afterload indices. Hyperkinetic patients exhibited the worst reduction in afterload indices. Hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with LV hyperkinesia than in their counterparts: 30 (62.5%) vs. 35 (41.7%), p = 0.02.
Conclusions
Speckle tracking-derived strain was reduced in the majority of patients with septic shock, revealing covert septic myocardial dysfunction, but had poor feasibility. We found an inverse correlation between most of the contractility and afterload indices. Precise evaluation of afterload is crucial for adequate interpretation of LV systolic function in this setting.
Intérêt de l’intégration de la mesure de l’élastance artérielle dans la gestion hémodynamique
Guinot et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
To evaluate the ability of an algorithm based on dynamic arterial elastance to decrease the duration of norepinephrine treatment.
Methods
We performed a prospective, open-label, randomized study in patients requiring norepinephrine for vasoplegic syndrome after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were randomized to an algorithm-based intervention group or a control group. The primary outcome was the duration of norepinephrine treatment. The secondary outcomes included the total dose of norepinephrine, the length of stay (LOS) in the ICU, central venous oxygen saturation, arterial lactate levels, arrhythmia and diuresis.
Results
Of 130 included patients, 118 were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis (intervention group: n = 59; control group: n = 59). On inclusion, the intervention and control groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographic characteristics, surgical data or the prior duration of norepinephrine treatment [5 h (4–10) vs. 5 h (5–7), respectively; P = 0.543]. The cumulative duration of norepinephrine treatment after inclusion was shorter in the intervention group than in the control group [17 h (13–26)] vs. 39 h (19–58), respectively; (P < 0.001). The cumulative dose of norepinephrine and the LOS in the ICU were also lower in the intervention group (P < 0.05). There were no intergroup differences for other outcomes (the sepsis-related organ failure score, central venous oxygen saturation, arrhythmia, and arterial lactate levels).
Conclusion
A haemodynamic algorithm based on dynamic arterial elastance was associated with a shorter duration of norepinephrine treatment and a shorter LOS in the ICU. Use of the algorithm did not alter perfusion parameters or increase the volume of fluid infused.
Candidémie : Reflet de la pathologie maligne sous-jacente
Lortholary et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
To assess the risk factors and outcomes associated with fungemia caused by the six most commonly occurring Candida species in patients with and without malignancies.
Methods
Analysis of the episodes of fungemia due to common Candida species in adults, based on an active hospital-based surveillance program (Paris area, France, 2002 to 2014).
Results
Of the 3417 patients (3666 isolates), 1164 (34.1%) had a solid tumor (45.7% digestive tract) and 586 (17.1%) a hematological malignancy (41.8% lymphoma, 33.5% acute leukemia). The hematology patients were significantly younger, more often pre-exposed to antifungals, more often infected by C. tropicalis, C. krusei, or C. kefyr, and more often treated in the first instance with an echinocandin. Compared with inpatients who were not in ICU at the time of fungemia, those in ICU were less frequently infected by C. parapsilosis (p < 0.02), had more recent surgery (p < 0.03), and died more frequently before day 8 and day 30 (p < 0.0001). An increase in crude mortality over time in ICU was observed only in oncology patients (p < 0.04). For all patients, lack of prescription of antifungals despite knowledge of positive blood culture increased the risk of death. The odds of being infected by a given Candida species compared with C. albicans were uneven regarding age, gender, type of malignancy, hospitalization in ICU, central venous catheter, HIV status, intravenous drug addiction, and previous exposure to antifungal drugs. Compared with C. albicans, C. glabrata (OR = 0.69 [0.54–0.89]) and C. parapsilosis (OR = 0.49 [0.35–0.67]) were associated with a decreased risk of death by day 8 and day 30.
Conclusion
The clinical context of underlying malignancy and hospitalization in ICU may be relevant to the initial management of candidemia.
Dysfonction systolique précoce chez les traumatisés crâniens
Krishnamoorthy, et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002404
Objective: Prior studies have suggested that traumatic brain injury may affect cardiac function. Our study aims were to determine the frequency, longitudinal course, and admission risk factors for systolic dysfunction in patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury.
Design: Prospective cohort study.
Setting: Level 1 trauma center.
Measurements: Transthoracic echocardiogram within 1 day and over the first week after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury; transthoracic echocardiogram within 1 day after mild traumatic brain injury (comparison group).
Measurements and Main Results: Systolic function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiogram, and systolic dysfunction was defined as fractional shortening less than 25%. Multivariable Poisson regression models examined admission risk factors for systolic dysfunction. Systolic function in 32 patients with isolated moderate-severe traumatic brain injury and 32 patients with isolated mild traumatic brain injury (comparison group) was assessed with transthoracic echocardiogram. Seven (22%) moderate-severe traumatic brain injury and 0 (0%) mild traumatic brain injury patients had systolic dysfunction within the first day after injury (p < 0.01). All patients with early systolic dysfunction recovered in 1 week. Younger age (relative risk, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79–0.94; for 1 yr increase in age) and lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale score (relative risk, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20–0.58; for one unit increase in Glasgow Coma Scale) were independently associated with the development of systolic dysfunction among moderate-severe traumatic brain injury patients.
Conclusions: Early systolic dysfunction can occur in previously healthy patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury, and it is reversible over the first week of hospitalization. Younger age and lower admission Glasgow Coma Scale score are independently associated with the development of systolic dysfunction after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury.
Réanimateurs remplaçants : Mortalité associée plus élevée ?
Whitehouse et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002373
Objectives: We hypothesized that intensivists unfamiliar with an ICU team and the context of that ICU would affect patient outcomes. We examined differences in mortality when ICU patients were admitted under intensivists routinely working in that ICU and compared with those admitted by intensivists familiar with an ICU elsewhere in the same hospital.
Design, Settings, and Patients: A 5-year natural experimental crossover study involving patients admitted to four ICUs in a large U.K. teaching hospital.
Interventions: During a period of service reconfiguration, intensivists routinely rostered to work in one ICU worked in another of the hospital’s four ICUs. “Home” intensivists were those who continued to work in their usual ICU; “visitor” intensivists were those who delivered care in an unfamiliar ICU. Patient data were obtained from electronic patient records to provide analysis on sex, age, admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, date and time of admission, and admission type (elective, transfer, or unplanned).
Measurements and Main Results: We analyzed 9,981 admissions to four separate ICUs over a 5-year period. In total, 34.5% of patients were admitted by intensivists working in nonfamiliar surroundings. Visitor intensivists admitted patients with similar age and gender distributions but with greater physiologic derangement (mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, 4.1 ± 2.8 vs 3.9 ± 2.8; p < 0.001) than home intensivists. Overall ICU mortality rates were higher in visitor intensivists, albeit not significantly so (11.5% vs 10.2%; p = 0.052). However, when the ICUs were analyzed separately, visitor mortality rates were found to be significantly higher than for home intensivists in two of the four ICUs (p = 0.017, 0.006). A multivariable analysis adjusting for confounding factors and the clustering of consultants revealed that the overall mortality rate was significantly higher for visitors (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02–1.37; p = 0.024). A significant interaction between the ICU and visitor status was also detected (p = 0.046), with the visitor effect remaining significant in the two ICUs identified previously (both p = 0.009).
Conclusions: Visitor intensivists in some ICUs were associated with higher mortality. The reasons are unknown but could relate to intensivists’ practices, unfamiliarity with the patients, or the interaction with the interprofessional team.
VNI en 1ère ligne de ventilation mécanique en réanimation pédiatrique
Morris et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002369
Objectives: To compare outcomes of children receiving noninvasive ventilation with those receiving invasive ventilation as first-line mode of mechanical ventilation following unplanned intensive care admission.
Design: Propensity score-matched cohort study analyzing data prospectively collected by the Pediatric Intensive Care Audit Network over 8 years (2007–2014).
Setting: Thirty-one PICUs in the United Kingdom and Ireland; twenty-one of whom submitted Pediatric Critical Care Minimum Dataset data for the entire study period.
Patients: Children consecutively admitted to study PICUs. Planned admissions following surgery, unplanned admissions from other hospitals, those on chronic ventilation, and those who did not receive mechanical ventilation on the day of PICU admission were excluded.
Interventions: Use of noninvasive ventilation, rather than invasive ventilation, as the first-line mode of mechanical ventilation.
Measurements and Main Results: PICU mortality, length of ventilation, length of PICU stay, and ventilator-free days at day 28. During the study period, there were 151,128 PICU admissions. A total of 15,144 admissions (10%) were eligible for analysis once predefined exclusion criteria were applied: 4,804 (31.7%) received “noninvasive ventilation first,” whereas 10,221 (67.5%) received “invasive ventilation first”; 119 (0.8%) admissions could not be classified. Admitting PICU site explained 6.5% of the variation in first-line mechanical ventilation group (95% CI, 2.0–19.0%). In propensity score-matched analyses, receiving noninvasive ventilation first was associated with a significant reduction in mortality by 3.1% (95% CI, 1.7–4.6%), length of ventilation by 1.6 days (95% CI, 1.0–2.3), and length of PICU stay by 2.1 days (95% CI, 1.3–3.0), as well as an increase in ventilator-free days at day 28 by 3.7 days (95% CI, 3.1–4.3).
Conclusions: Use of noninvasive ventilation as first-line mode of mechanical ventilation in critically ill children admitted to PICU in an unplanned fashion may be associated with significant clinical benefits. Further high-quality evidence regarding optimal patient selection and timing of initiation of noninvasive ventilation could lead to less variability in clinical care between institutions and improved patient outcomes.
Retard à la 2ème dose d’ATB après les Urgences : trop fréquent, trop grave…
Leisman et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002377
Objective: 1) Determine frequency and magnitude of delays in second antibiotic administration among patients admitted with sepsis; 2) Identify risk factors for these delays; and 3) Exploratory: determine association between delays and patient-centered outcomes (mortality and mechanical ventilation after second dose).
Design: Retrospective, consecutive sample sepsis cohort over 10 months.
Setting: Single, tertiary, academic medical center.
Patients: All patients admitted from the emergency department with sepsis or septic shock (defined: infection, ≥ 2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, hypoperfusion/organ dysfunction) identified by a prospective quality initiative. Exclusions: less than 18 years old, not receiving initial antibiotics in the emergency department, death before antibiotic redosing, and patient refusing antibiotics.
Interventions: We determined first-to-second antibiotic time and delay frequency. We considered delay major for first-to-second dose time greater than or equal to 25% of the recommended interval. Factors of interest were demographics, recommended interval length, comorbidities, clinical presentation, location at second dose, initial resuscitative care, and antimicrobial activity mechanism.
Measurements and Main Results: Of 828 sepsis cases, 272 (33%) had delay greater than or equal to 25%. Delay frequency increased dose dependently with shorter recommended interval: 11 (4%) delays for 24-hour intervals (median time, 18.52 hr); 31 (26%) for 12-hour intervals (median, 10.58 hr); 117 (47%) for 8-hour intervals (median, 9.60 hr); and 113 (72%) for 6-hour intervals (median, 9.55 hr). In multivariable regression, interval length significantly predicted major delay (12 hr: odds ratio, 6.98; CI, 2.33–20.89; 8 hr: odds ratio, 23.70; CI, 8.13–69.11; 6 hr: odds ratio, 71.95; CI, 25.13–206.0). Additional independent risk factors were inpatient boarding in the emergency department (odds ratio, 2.67; CI, 1.74–4.09), initial 3-hour sepsis bundle compliance (odds ratio, 1.57; CI, 1.07–2.30), and older age (odds ratio, 1.16 per 10 yr, CI, 1.01–1.34). In the exploratory multivariable analysis, major delay was associated with increased hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.61; CI, 1.01–2.57) and mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 2.44; CI, 1.27–4.69).
Conclusions: Major second dose delays were common, especially for patients given shorter half-life pharmacotherapies and who boarded in the emergency department. They were paradoxically more frequent for patients receiving compliant initial care. We observed association between major second dose delay and increased mortality, length of stay, and mechanical ventilation requirement.
… et un retard qui est médecin-dépendant !
Peltan et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002436
Objectives: Delayed initiation of appropriate antimicrobials is linked to higher sepsis mortality. We investigated interphysician variation in septic patients’ door-to-antimicrobial time.
Design: Retrospective cohort study.
Setting: Emergency department of an academic medical center.
Subjects: Adult patients treated with antimicrobials in the emergency department between 2009 and 2015 for fluid-refractory severe sepsis or septic shock. Patients who were transferred, received antimicrobials prior to emergency department arrival, or were treated by an attending physician who cared for less than five study patients were excluded.
Interventions: None.
Measurements and Main Results: We employed multivariable linear regression to evaluate the association between treating attending physician and door-to-antimicrobial time after adjustment for illness severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score), patient age, prehospital or arrival hypotension, admission from a long-term care facility, mode of arrival, weekend or nighttime admission, source of infection, and trainee involvement in care. Among 421 eligible patients, 74% received antimicrobials within 3 hours of emergency department arrival. After covariate adjustment, attending physicians’ (n = 40) median door-to-antimicrobial times varied significantly, ranging from 71 to 359 minutes (p = 0.002). The percentage of each physician’s patients whose antimicrobials began within 3 hours of emergency department arrival ranged from 0% to 100%. Overall, 12% of variability in antimicrobial timing was explained by the attending physician compared with 4% attributable to illness severity as measured by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (p < 0.001). Some but not all physicians started antimicrobials later for patients who were normotensive on presentation (p = 0.017) or who had a source of infection other than pneumonia (p = 0.006). The adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality increased by 20% for each 1 hour increase in door-to-antimicrobial time (p = 0.046).
Conclusions: Among patients with severe sepsis or septic shock receiving antimicrobials in the emergency department, door-to-antimicrobial times varied five-fold among treating physicians. Given the association between antimicrobial delay and mortality, interventions to reduce physician variation in antimicrobial initiation are likely indicated.
Evolution de la PCT : prédictif de la mortalité ?
Schuetz et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002321
Objectives: To prospectively validate that the inability to decrease procalcitonin levels by more than 80% between baseline and day 4 is associated with increased 28-day all-cause mortality in a large sepsis patient population recruited across the United States.
Design: Blinded, prospective multicenter observational clinical trial following an Food and Drug Administration-approved protocol.
Setting: Thirteen U.S.-based emergency departments and ICUs.
Patients: Consecutive patients meeting criteria for severe sepsis or septic shock who were admitted to the ICU from the emergency department, other wards, or directly from out of hospital were included.
Interventions: Procalcitonin was measured daily over the first 5 days.
Measurements and Main Results: The primary analysis of interest was the relationship between a procalcitonin decrease of more than 80% from baseline to day 4 and 28-day mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression. Among 858 enrolled patients, 646 patients were alive and in the hospital on day 4 and included in the main intention-to-diagnose analysis. The 28-day all-cause mortality was two-fold higher when procalcitonin did not show a decrease of more than 80% from baseline to day 4 (20% vs 10%; p = 0.001). This was confirmed as an independent predictor in Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.18–3.30; p < 0.009]) after adjusting for demographics, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, ICU residence on day 4, sepsis syndrome severity, antibiotic administration time, and other relevant confounders.
Conclusions: Results of this large, prospective multicenter U.S. study indicate that inability to decrease procalcitonin by more than 80% is a significant independent predictor of mortality and may aid in sepsis care.
Impact des LATA sur la mortalité après matching
Fuchs et al., CCM, 2017
http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Abstract/2017/06000/Quantifying_the_Mortality_Impact_of.13.aspx
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002312
Objectives: We quantified the 28-day mortality effect of preexisting do-not-resuscitate orders in ICUs.
Design: Longitudinal, retrospective study of patients admitted to five ICUs at a tertiary university medical center (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BIDMC, Boston, MA) between 2001 and 2008.
Intervention: None.
Patients: Two cohorts were defined: patients with do not resuscitate advance directives on day 1 of ICU admission and a control group comprising patients with no limitations of level of care on ICU day 1 (full code).
Measurements and Main Results: The primary outcome was mortality at 28 days after ICU admission. Of 19,007 ICU patients, 1,239 patients (6.5%) had a do-not-resuscitate order on the first day of ICU admission and survived 48 hours in the ICU. We matched those do-not-resuscitate patients with 2,402 patients with full-code status. Twenty-eight day and 1-year mortality were both significantly higher in the do-not-resuscitate group (33.9% vs 18.4% and 60.7% vs 40.2%; p < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion: Do-not-resuscitate status is an independent risk factor for ICU mortality. This may reflect severity of illness not captured by other clinical factors, but the perceptions of the treating team related to do-not-resuscitate status could also be causally responsible for increased mortality in patients with do-not-resuscitate status.
L’AC/FA de novo associée à un moins bon pronostic en réanimation
Moss et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002325
Objective: To determine the association of new-onset atrial fibrillation with outcomes, including ICU length of stay and survival.
Design: Retrospective cohort of ICU admissions. We found atrial fibrillation using automated detection (≥ 90 s in 30 min) and classed as new-onset if there was no prior diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. We identified determinants of new-onset atrial fibrillation and, using propensity matching, characterized its impact on outcomes.
Setting: Tertiary care academic center.
Patients: A total of 8,356 consecutive adult admissions to either the medical or surgical/trauma/burn ICU with available continuous electrocardiogram data.
Interventions: None.
Measurements and Main Results: From 74 patient-years of every 15-minute observations, we detected atrial fibrillation in 1,610 admissions (19%), with median burden less than 2%. Most atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal; less than 2% of admissions were always in atrial fibrillation. New-onset atrial fibrillation was subclinical or went undocumented in 626, or 8% of all ICU admissions. Advanced age, acute respiratory failure, and sepsis were the strongest predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation. In propensity-adjusted regression analyses, clinical new-onset atrial fibrillation was associated with increased hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.01–2.63) and longer length of stay (2.25 d; CI, 0.58–3.92). New-onset atrial fibrillation was not associated with survival after hospital discharge (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.76–1.28 and hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.67–1.83, respectively, for subclinical and clinical new-onset atrial fibrillation).
Conclusions: Automated analysis of continuous electrocardiogram heart rate dynamics detects new-onset atrial fibrillation in many ICU patients. Though often transient and frequently unrecognized, new-onset atrial fibrillation is associated with poor hospital outcomes.
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