Biblio du mois : Décembre 2017
27 décembre 2017
Fin d’année, moment de partage.
Une dernière biblio de l’année 2017 qui conclut une belle année d’Anesthésie-Réanimation mais aussi bien d’autres. On ne citera pas que nos amis des 4 Fantastiques et de la SFT juniors mais bien tout ceux qui nous ont aidé à montrer que l’Anesthésie-Réanimation est loin de rester cantonnée au bloc avec la création de notre syndicat, le SNJAR !
On se rappellera des Afterblocs (hors séries et autres spés!), de la réunion d’information iECN, de l’incroyable Rentrée Nationale de nos 1ers DESAR-MIR, des Biblios du mois, des Brunchs de formation, de Congrès USIC, de la Soirée Quizz des 4 Fantastiques, de la Journée dédiée au Don d’Organes, de le Masterclass sur la Réhabilitation améliorée en Chirurgie, de la Soirée Under Pressure – Hémodynamique #1, de la Soirée Hypnose, de la soirée Risque Médical, du top 10 des meilleurs Afterblocs, etc.
Bref, l’année 2017 est une année qui restera dans les annales. Autant d’évènements qui ne pourraient se réaliser sans vous !
Au programme, cette année, l’AJAR PARIS vous réserve encore bien des surprises dès le début de l’année :
- Le 1er Afterbloc de l’année 2018 #47 le 04/01/2018 (Attention on approche du #50 ;-))
- Congrès ESRA avec 5 places offertes le 27/01/2018 : https://www.ajar-online.fr/participez-a-la-journee-dactualisation-alr-avec-lesra-france-le-27-janvier-2018/
- Brunch Pubmed/Zotero #5 le 13/01/2018
- Soirée dédiée à l’Humanitaire le 13/02/2018
- Et bien d’autres exclusivités #AJAR à venir toute l’année (Brunch de simulation d’annonce aux familles, Soirée Hémodynamique #2, Soirée Hypnose, Soirée Santé Connectée, Soirée Médecine de l’Extrême, la boutique officielle de l’AJAR Paris qui devrait vous faire rêver … )
Ne manquez rien à ces évènements, en suivant, likant, partageant notre page Facebook !
On en oublierai presque cette biblio exceptionnelle que l’on vous réserve ce mois-ci, non ? 😉
Choc cardiogénique sur IDM : Bénéfice de la coronarographie thérapeutique ciblée
Thiele et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1710261
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1710261
Background
In patients who have acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, early revascularization of the culprit artery by means of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) improves outcomes. However, the majority of patients with cardiogenic shock have multivessel disease, and whether PCI should be performed immediately for stenoses in nonculprit arteries is controversial.
Methods
In this multicenter trial, we randomly assigned 706 patients who had multivessel disease, acute myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock to one of two initial revascularization strategies: either PCI of the culprit lesion only, with the option of staged revascularization of nonculprit lesions, or immediate multivessel PCI. The primary end point was a composite of death or severe renal failure leading to renal-replacement therapy within 30 days after randomization. Safety end points included bleeding and stroke.
Results
At 30 days, the composite primary end point of death or renal-replacement therapy had occurred in 158 of the 344 patients (45.9%) in the culprit-lesion-only PCI group and in 189 of the 341 patients (55.4%) in the multivessel PCI group (relative risk, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71 to 0.96; P=0.01). The relative risk of death in the culprit-lesion-only PCI group as compared with the multivessel PCI group was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.98; P=0.03), and the relative risk of renal-replacement therapy was 0.71 (95% CI, 0.49 to 1.03; P=0.07). The time to hemodynamic stabilization, the risk of catecholamine therapy and the duration of such therapy, the levels of troponin T and creatine kinase, and the rates of bleeding and stroke did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Conclusions
Among patients who had multivessel coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, the 30-day risk of a composite of death or severe renal failure leading to renal-replacement therapy was lower among those who initially underwent PCI of the culprit lesion only than among those who underwent immediate multivessel PCI.
Pace-Maker et DAI : plus une contre-indication à une IRM ?
Nazarian et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1604267
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1604267
Background
Patients who have pacemakers or defibrillators are often denied the opportunity to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of safety concerns, unless the devices meet certain criteria specified by the Food and Drug Administration (termed “MRI-conditional” devices).
Methods
We performed a prospective, nonrandomized study to assess the safety of MRI at a magnetic field strength of 1.5 Tesla in 1509 patients who had a pacemaker (58%) or an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator (42%) that was not considered to be MRI-conditional (termed a “legacy” device). Overall, the patients underwent 2103 thoracic and nonthoracic MRI examinations that were deemed to be clinically necessary. The pacing mode was changed to asynchronous mode for pacing-dependent patients and to demand mode for other patients. Tachyarrhythmia functions were disabled. Outcome assessments included adverse events and changes in the variables that indicate lead and generator function and interaction with surrounding tissue (device parameters).
Results
No long-term clinically significant adverse events were reported. In nine MRI examinations (0.4%; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.7), the patient’s device reset to a backup mode. The reset was transient in eight of the nine examinations. In one case, a pacemaker with less than 1 month left of battery life reset to ventricular inhibited pacing and could not be reprogrammed; the device was subsequently replaced. The most common notable change in device parameters (>50% change from baseline) immediately after MRI was a decrease in P-wave amplitude, which occurred in 1% of the patients. At long-term follow-up (results of which were available for 63% of the patients), the most common notable changes from baseline were decreases in P-wave amplitude (in 4% of the patients), increases in atrial capture threshold (4%), increases in right ventricular capture threshold (4%), and increases in left ventricular capture threshold (3%). The observed changes in lead parameters were not clinically significant and did not require device revision or reprogramming.
Conclusions
We evaluated the safety of MRI, performed with the use of a prespecified safety protocol, in 1509 patients who had a legacy pacemaker or a legacy implantable cardioverter–defibrillator system. No long-term clinically significant adverse events were reported.
Thrombolyse in-situ pour les TVP ?
Vedantham et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1615066
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1615066
Background
The post-thrombotic syndrome frequently develops in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis despite treatment with anticoagulant therapy. Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (hereafter “pharmacomechanical thrombolysis”) rapidly removes thrombus and is hypothesized to reduce the risk of the post-thrombotic syndrome.
Methods
We randomly assigned 692 patients with acute proximal deep-vein thrombosis to receive either anticoagulation alone (control group) or anticoagulation plus pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (catheter-mediated or device-mediated intrathrombus delivery of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and thrombus aspiration or maceration, with or without stenting). The primary outcome was development of the post-thrombotic syndrome between 6 and 24 months of follow-up.
Results
Between 6 and 24 months, there was no significant between-group difference in the percentage of patients with the post-thrombotic syndrome (47% in the pharmacomechanical-thrombolysis group and 48% in the control group; risk ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82 to 1.11; P=0.56). Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis led to more major bleeding events within 10 days (1.7% vs. 0.3% of patients, P=0.049), but no significant difference in recurrent venous thromboembolism was seen over the 24-month follow-up period (12% in the pharmacomechanical-thrombolysis group and 8% in the control group, P=0.09). Moderate-to-severe post-thrombotic syndrome occurred in 18% of patients in the pharmacomechanical-thrombolysis group versus 24% of those in the control group (risk ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.98; P=0.04). Severity scores for the post-thrombotic syndrome were lower in the pharmacomechanical-thrombolysis group than in the control group at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of follow-up (P<0.01 for the comparison of the Villalta scores at each time point), but the improvement in quality of life from baseline to 24 months did not differ significantly between the treatment groups.
Conclusions
Among patients with acute proximal deep-vein thrombosis, the addition of pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis to anticoagulation did not result in a lower risk of the post-thrombotic syndrome but did result in a higher risk of major bleeding.
Revue sur les dermohypodermites nécrosantes
Stevens et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1600673
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1600673
Revue sur les maladies rénales associées au VIH
Cohen et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1508467
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1508467
Antibioprophylaxie in situ de chirurgie orthopédique post-ablation de matériel
Backes et al., JAMA, 2017
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2667070
Importance Following clean (class I, not contaminated) surgical procedures, the rate of surgical site infection (SSI) should be less than approximately 2%. However, an infection rate of 12.2% has been reported following removal of orthopedic implants used for treatment of fractures below the knee.
Objective To evaluate the effect of a single dose of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis on the incidence of SSIs following removal of orthopedic implants used for treatment of fractures below the knee.
Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial including 500 patients aged 18 to 75 years with previous surgical treatment for fractures below the knee who were undergoing removal of orthopedic implants from 19 hospitals (17 teaching and 2 academic) in the Netherlands (November 2014-September 2016), with a follow-up of 6 months (final follow-up, March 28, 2017). Exclusion criteria were an active infection or fistula, antibiotic treatment, reimplantation of osteosynthesis material in the same session, allergy for cephalosporins, known kidney disease, immunosuppressant use, or pregnancy.
Interventions A single preoperative intravenous dose of 1000 mg of cefazolin (cefazolin group, n = 228) or sodium chloride (0.9%; saline group, n = 242).
Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was SSI within 30 days as measured by the criteria from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondary outcome measures were functional outcome, health-related quality of life, and patient satisfaction.
Results Among 477 randomized patients (mean age, 44 years [SD, 15]; women, 274 [57%]; median time from orthopedic implant placement, 11 months [interquartile range, 7-16]), 470 patients completed the study. Sixty-six patients developed an SSI (14.0%): 30 patients (13.2%) in the cefazolin group vs 36 in the saline group (14.9%) (absolute risk difference, −1.7 [95% CI, −8.0 to 4.6], P = .60).
Conclusions and Relevance Among patients undergoing surgery for removal of orthopedic implants used for treatment of fractures below the knee, a single preoperative dose of intravenous cefazolin compared with saline did not reduce the risk of surgical site infection within 30 days following implant removal.
Antibiothérapie ciblée > large spectre pour les infections pulmonaires chez les enfants ?
Gerber et al., JAMA, 2017
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2666503
Importance Acute respiratory tract infections account for the majority of antibiotic exposure in children, and broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections is increasing. It is not clear whether broad-spectrum treatment is associated with improved outcomes compared with narrow-spectrum treatment.
Objective To compare the effectiveness of broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment for acute respiratory tract infections in children.
Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study assessing clinical outcomes and a prospective cohort study assessing patient-centered outcomes of children between the ages of 6 months and 12 years diagnosed with an acute respiratory tract infection and prescribed an oral antibiotic between January 2015 and April 2016 in a network of 31 pediatric primary care practices in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Stratified and propensity score–matched analyses to account for confounding by clinician and by patient-level characteristics, respectively, were implemented for both cohorts.
Exposures Broad-spectrum antibiotics vs narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
Main Outcomes and Measures In the retrospective cohort, the primary outcomes were treatment failure and adverse events 14 days after diagnosis. In the prospective cohort, the primary outcomes were quality of life, other patient-centered outcomes, and patient-reported adverse events.
Results Of 30 159 children in the retrospective cohort (19 179 with acute otitis media; 6746, group A streptococcal pharyngitis; and 4234, acute sinusitis), 4307 (14%) were prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics including amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalosporins, and macrolides. Broad-spectrum treatment was not associated with a lower rate of treatment failure (3.4% for broad-spectrum antibiotics vs 3.1% for narrow-spectrum antibiotics; risk difference for full matched analysis, 0.3% [95% CI, −0.4% to 0.9%]). Of 2472 children enrolled in the prospective cohort (1100 with acute otitis media; 705, group A streptococcal pharyngitis; and 667, acute sinusitis), 868 (35%) were prescribed broad-spectrum antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were associated with a slightly worse child quality of life (score of 90.2 for broad-spectrum antibiotics vs 91.5 for narrow-spectrum antibiotics; score difference for full matched analysis, −1.4% [95% CI, −2.4% to −0.4%]) but not with other patient-centered outcomes. Broad-spectrum treatment was associated with a higher risk of adverse events documented by the clinician (3.7% for broad-spectrum antibiotics vs 2.7% for narrow-spectrum antibiotics; risk difference for full matched analysis, 1.1% [95% CI, 0.4% to 1.8%]) and reported by the patient (35.6% for broad-spectrum antibiotics vs 25.1% for narrow-spectrum antibiotics; risk difference for full matched analysis, 12.2% [95% CI, 7.3% to 17.2%]).
Conclusions and Relevance Among children with acute respiratory tract infections, broad-spectrum antibiotics were not associated with better clinical or patient-centered outcomes compared with narrow-spectrum antibiotics, and were associated with higher rates of adverse events. These data support the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics for most children with acute respiratory tract infections.
Revue sur les aiguilles de ponction lombaire/rachianesthésie
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32451-0/fulltext
Impact de la fragilité des octagénaires sur la mortalité en réanimation
Flaatten et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
Very old critical ill patients are a rapid expanding group in the ICU. Indications for admission, triage criteria and level of care are frequently discussed for such patients. However, most relevant outcome studies in this group frequently find an increased mortality and a reduced quality of life in survivors. The main objective was to study the impact of frailty compared with other variables with regards to short-term outcome in the very old ICU population.
Methods
A transnational prospective cohort study from October 2016 to May 2017 with 30 days follow-up was set up by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. In total 311 ICUs from 21 European countries participated. The ICUs included the first consecutive 20 very old (≥ 80 years) patients admitted to the ICU within a 3-month inclusion period. Frailty, SOFA score and therapeutic procedures were registered, in addition to limitations of care. For measurement of frailty the Clinical Frailty Scale was used at ICU admission. The main outcomes were ICU and 30-day mortality and survival at 30 days.
Results
A total of 5021 patients with a median age of 84 years (IQR 81–86 years) were included in the final analysis, 2404 (47.9%) were women. Admission was classified as acute in 4215 (83.9%) of the patients. Overall ICU and 30-day mortality rates were 22.1% and 32.6%. During ICU stay 23.8% of the patients did not receive specific ICU procedures: ventilation, vasoactive drugs or renal replacement therapy. Frailty (values ≥ 5) was found in 43.1% and was independently related to 30-day survival (HR 1.54; 95% CI 1.38–1.73) for frail versus non-frail.
Conclusions
Among very old patients (≥ 80 years) admitted to the ICU, the consecutive classes in Clinical Frailty Scale were inversely associated with short-term survival. The scale had a very low number of missing data. These findings provide support to add frailty to the clinical assessment in this patient group.
Insuffisance respiratoire aigue chez l’immunodéprimé : Importance du diagnostic ?
Azoulay et al., ICM, 2017
Background
In immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF), initial management aims primarily to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).
Methods
To assess the impact of initial management on IMV and mortality rates, we performed a multinational observational prospective cohort study in 16 countries (68 centers).
Results
A total of 1611 patients were enrolled (hematological malignancies 51.9%, solid tumors 35.2%, systemic diseases 17.3%, and solid organ transplantation 8.8%). The main ARF etiologies were bacterial (29.5%), viral (15.4%), and fungal infections (14.7%), or undetermined (13.2%). On admission, 915 (56.8%) patients were not intubated. They received standard oxygen (N = 496, 53.9%), high-flow oxygen (HFNC, N = 187, 20.3%), noninvasive ventilation (NIV, N = 153, 17.2%), and NIV + HFNC (N = 79, 8.6%). Factors associated with IMV included age (hazard ratio = 0.92/year, 95% CI 0.86–0.99), day-1 SOFA (1.09/point, 1.06–1.13), day-1 PaO2/FiO2 (1.47, 1.05–2.07), ARF etiology (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (2.11, 1.42–3.14), invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (1.85, 1.21–2.85), and undetermined cause (1.46, 1.09–1.98). After propensity score matching, HFNC, but not NIV, had an effect on IMV rate (HR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.59–1.00, p = 0.05). ICU, hospital, and day-90 mortality rates were 32.4, 44.1, and 56.4%, respectively. Factors independently associated with hospital mortality included age (odds ratio = 1.18/year, 1.09–1.27), direct admission to the ICU (0.69, 0.54–0.87), day-1 SOFA excluding respiratory score (1.12/point, 1.08–1.16), PaO2/FiO2 < 100 (1.60, 1.03–2.48), and undetermined ARF etiology (1.43, 1.04–1.97). Initial oxygenation strategy did not affect mortality; however, IMV was associated with mortality, the odds ratio depending on IMV conditions: NIV + HFNC failure (2.31, 1.09–4.91), first-line IMV (2.55, 1.94–3.29), NIV failure (3.65, 2.05–6.53), standard oxygen failure (4.16, 2.91–5.93), and HFNC failure (5.54, 3.27–9.38).
Conclusion
HFNC has an effect on intubation but not on mortality rates. Failure to identify ARF etiology is associated with higher rates of both intubation and mortality. This suggests that in addition to selecting the appropriate oxygenation device, clinicians should strive to identify the etiology of ARF.
LATA : Extubation immédiate ou sevrage terminal de la ventilation mécanique ?
Robert et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
The relative merits of immediate extubation versus terminal weaning for mechanical ventilation withdrawal are controversial, particularly regarding the experience of patients and relatives.
Methods
This prospective observational multicentre study (ARREVE) was done in 43 French ICUs to compare terminal weaning and immediate extubation, as chosen by the ICU team. Terminal weaning was a gradual decrease in the amount of ventilatory assistance and immediate extubation was extubation without any previous decrease in ventilatory assistance. The primary outcome was posttraumatic stress symptoms (Impact of Event Scale Revised, IES-R) in relatives 3 months after the death. Secondary outcomes were complicated grief, anxiety, and depression symptoms in relatives; comfort of patients during the dying process; and job strain in staff.
Results
We enrolled 212 (85.5%) relatives of 248 patients with terminal weaning and 190 relatives (90.5%) of 210 patients with immediate extubation. Immediate extubation was associated with airway obstruction and a higher mean Behavioural Pain Scale score compared to terminal weaning. In relatives, IES-R scores after 3 months were not significantly different between groups (31.9 ± 18.1 versus 30.5 ± 16.2, respectively; adjusted difference, −1.9; 95% confidence interval, −5.9 to 2.1; p = 0.36); neither were there any differences in complicated grief, anxiety, or depression scores. Assistant nurses had lower job strain scores in the immediate extubation group.
Conclusions
Compared to terminal weaning, immediate extubation was not associated with differences in psychological welfare of relatives when each method constituted standard practice in the ICU where it was applied. Patients had more airway obstruction and gasps with immediate extubation.
Recommandations sur la ventilation mécanique en Réanimation Pédiatrique
Kneyber et al., ICM, 2017
Recommendations sur la prise en charge de l’Insuffisance Surrénalienne relative en Réanimation (1ère partie)
Annane et al., ICM, 2017
Les effets de la NAD sur le couplage ventriculo-artériel ?
Guinot et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002772
Objectives:
The objectives of the present study were to evaluate, in patients with persistent arterial hypotension in the immediate postcardiac surgery period, the effects of norepinephrine infusion on ventriculo-arterial coupling, its determinants: arterial elastance and end-systolic ventricular elastance, and to test the ability of arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio to predict stroke volume increases.
Design:
Prospective observational study.
Setting:
Cardiac-vascular surgical ICU.
Patients:
Twenty-eight postoperative cardiac surgery patients, in whom physicians decided to administer norepinephrine infusion, were included.
Measurements and Main Results:
Arterial pressure, stroke volume index, cardiac index, indexed total peripheral resistance, arterial compliance, arterial elastance, and end-systolic ventricular elastance, were measured before and after norepinephrine infusion. We estimated ventriculo-arterial coupling by the arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio and defined stroke volume responders by a stroke volume increase greater than or equal to 15%. Twenty-two of the 28 subjects had altered ventriculo-arterial coupling (1.87 [1.57–2.51] vs 1.1 [1–1.18]). Fifteen of the 28 subjects (54%) were stroke volume responders. At baseline, stroke volume responders had similar arterial pressure, higher indexed total peripheral resistance, arterial elastance, arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio (2.21 [1.69–2.89] vs 1.33 [1.1–1.56]; p < 0.05), and lower arterial compliance, indexed total peripheral resistance and cardiac index. Norepinephrine significantly increased arterial pressure in all subjects. In stroke volume responders, norepinephrine increased arterial elastance, end-systolic ventricular elastance, cardiac index, and improved arterial elastance/end-systolic ventricular elastance coupling. The baseline arterial elastance to end-systolic ventricular elastance ratio predicted stroke volume responsiveness (area under the curve [95% CI], 0.87 [0.71−1]; p < 0.0001).
Conclusions:
In patients with arterial hypotension norepinephrine increased end-systolic ventricular elastance and arterial elastance. The effects of norepinephrine on stroke volume depend on baseline ventriculo-arterial coupling. Although norepinephrine infusion corrects arterial hypotension in all subjects, increase of stroke volume occurred only in subjects with altered ventriculo-arterial coupling.
La leptospirose en Réanimation
Delmas et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002825
Objectives:
Leptospirosis causes reversible multiple organ failure, and its mortality remains high. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate of leptospirosis in an ICU offering all types of organ support available nowadays and to compare it with mortality in bacterial sepsis.
Design:
Retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study.
Settings:
The largest ICU of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) in a teaching hospital.
Patients:
Consecutive patients hospitalized in ICU for leptospirosis from January 2004 to January 2015.
Interventions:
None.
Measurements and Main Results:
We report 134 cases of patients with leptospirosis hospitalized in ICU. The median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 30–52 yr), with a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 38 (27–50) and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 10 (8–12). Forty-one patients (31%) required mechanical ventilation and 76 (56%) required renal replacement therapy. The door-to-renal replacement therapy time was 0 (0–1) day after admission with a median urea of 25 mmol/L (17–32 mmol/L). Five patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mortality rate was 6.0% (95% CI, 2.6–11.4). Among patients hospitalized for sepsis, the standardized mortality ratio of patients with leptospirosis with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was dramatically low: 0.40 (95% CI, 0.17 – 0.79).
Conclusions:
The mortality of severe leptospirosis is lower than for other bacterial infection, provided modern resuscitation techniques are available. Prompt organ support ensures very low mortality rates despite high severity scores.
Traitement de l’intoxication au Paraquat : place de la CVVHF et de l’Hémoperfusion ?
Changbin et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002826
Objectives:
To investigate whether combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion among paraquat-poisoned patients would improve survival.
Design:
Prospective, controlled interventional study over 4 years.
Setting:
Single, tertiary, academic medical center.
Patients:
We recruited patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital within 48 hours after paraquat ingestion. Exclusions were under 14 years old, ingestion of paraquat with other toxicants, pregnant, a history of chronic pulmonary disease, psychosis, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes with impaired liver or renal function.
Interventions:
All patients were assigned to receive continuous venovenous hemofiltration with hemoperfusion therapy (continuous venovenous hemofiltration group) and to receive conventional therapy (conventional group). The study outcomes were death from any cause within 90 days after paraquat ingestion and the frequencies of hypoxia, acute kidney injury, or adverse events.
Measurements and Main Results:
Of the 110 enrolled patients, 59 were assigned to continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 51 to conventional group. The two groups had similar baseline demographics and clinical features. At 90 days after paraquat ingestion, 19 of 59 patients (32.2%) in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group and 29 of 51 patients (56.9%) in the conventional group had died (hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.76; p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox proportional hazard models controlling for baseline characteristics, combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion was independently associated with reduced risk of death compared with conventional therapy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19–0.64; p = 0.001). Patients in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group, as compared to the conventional group, had a reduced occurrence rate of hypoxia (40.7% vs 72.5%; p = 0.001) and of acute kidney injury (59.3% vs 78.4%; p = 0.03). Hypophosphatemia and thrombocytopenia were more common in the continuous venovenous hemofiltration group (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
In patients with paraquat poisoning, treatment with combined continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemoperfusion significantly improved 90-day survival rates.
L’Amiklin en nébulisation > IV ?
Hassan et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002695
Objective:
Nebulized antibiotics offer high efficacy due to significant local concentrations and safety with minimal blood levels. This study evaluates the efficacy and nephrotoxicity of nebulized versus IV amikacin in postcardiothoracic surgical patients with nosocomial pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Gram- negative bacilli.
Design:
Prospective, randomized, controlled study on surgical patients divided into two groups.
Setting:
Postcardiac surgery ICU.
Interventions:
The first gtroup was administered IV amikacin 20 mg/kg once daily. The second group was prescribed amikacin nebulizer 400 mg twice daily. Both groups were co-administered IV piperacillin/tazobactam empirically.
Patients:
Recruited patients were diagnosed by either hospital-acquired pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia where 56 (42.1%) patients were diagnosed with hospital-acquired pneumonia, 51 (38.34%) patients were diagnosed with early ventilator-associated pneumonia, and 26 (19.54%) patients with late ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Measurements and Main Results:
Clinical cure in both groups assessed on day 7 of treatment was the primary outcome. Efficacy was additionally evaluated through assessing the length of hospital stay, ICU stay, days on amikacin, days on mechanical ventilator, mechanical ventilator-free days, days to reach clinical cure, and mortality rate. Lower nephrotoxicity in the nebulized group was observed through significant preservation of kidney function (p < 0.001). Although both groups were comparable regarding length of hospital stay, nebulizer group showed shorter ICU stay (p = 0.010), lower number of days to reach complete clinical cure (p = 0.001), fewer days on mechanical ventilator (p = 0.035), and fewer days on amikacin treatment (p = 0.022).
Conclusion:
Nebulized amikacin showed better clinical cure rates, less ICU stay, and fewer days to reach complete recovery compared to IV amikacin for surgical patients with nosocomial pneumonia. It is also a less nephrotoxic option associated with less deterioration in kidney function.
Dosage de l’amylase dans les mini-LBA pour le diagnostic de PAVM ?
Sukhen et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002774
Objectives:
Aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric contents in intubated patients can lead to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amylase in respiratory secretion has been reported as a possible marker of aspiration. We studied whether elevated α-amylase in mini bronchoalveolar lavage specimens can be suggestive of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients with high clinical suspicion.
Design:
Prospective single-center observational study.
Setting:
Department of Critical Care Medicine, tertiary care academic institute.
Patients: Adult patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours with with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia as per defined criteria, admitted between December 2014 and May 2016.
Methods:
Mini bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected within 72 hours of endotracheal intubation. Samples were sent for α-amylase level assay and quantitative culture. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed from mini bronchoalveolar lavage microbial culture of greater than or equal to 104 cfu/mL, and patients were divided into ventilator-associated pneumonia and no ventilator-associated pneumonia groups. Pre- and postintubation risk factors for aspiration were also noted.
Results:
The prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 64.9% among 151 patients in whom it was clinically suspected. Median (interquartile range) mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase levels in ventilator-associated pneumonia and no ventilator-associated pneumonia groups on the day of study inclusion were 287 U/L (164–860 U/L) and 94 U/L (59–236 U/L), respectively (p < 0.001). Median (interquartile range) α-amylase levels in patients with 0, 1, 2, and 3 preintubation risk factors were 65 U/L (35–106 U/L), 200 U/L (113–349 U/L), 867 U/L (353–1,425 U/L), and 3,453 U/L (1,865–4,304 U/L), respectively (p < 0.001) and 472 U/L (164–1,452 U/L) and 731 U/L (203–1,403 U/L) in patients with 1 and 2 postintubation risk factors, respectively (p < 0.001). A mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase of 163 U/L or more yielded sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 68.6%, respectively, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.746 (95% CI, 0.66–0.83).
Conclusions:
Patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia within 72 hours from intubation have significantly elevated α-amylase concentrations in mini bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase concentrations increase with increasing number of aspiration risk factors.
Faisabilité de la kinésithérapie précoce (marche ?) des patients sous ECMO
Wells et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002770
Objectives:
To examine the feasibility and safety of mobilizing patients while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support.
Design:
Retrospective cohort study.
Setting:
Medical and Surgical ICUs in a large tertiary care hospital in the United States.
Patients:
Adults supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation from January 2014 to December 2015.
Measurements and Main Results:
We reviewed the medical records from physical therapy, perfusion, and intensivists to obtain the number and type of physical therapy interventions and discharge status; extracorporeal membranous oxygenation type and description of support, cannulation sites; and risk management details of adverse effects, if any. Of 254 patients supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation, 167 patients (66.7%) received a total of 607 physical therapy sessions while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. In this cohort, 134 patients (80.2%) had at least one femoral cannula during physical therapy intervention. Sixty-six of the 167 patients (39.5%) were supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation with bifemoral cannulas, and 44 (26.3%) were on veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. A dual lumen catheter was only used in five cases. Twenty-five patients (15%) (13 bifemoral cases) participated in standing or ambulation activities. Seventy-five patients (68.8%) who were successfully weaned from extracorporeal membranous oxygenation were discharged to a rehabilitation facility; 26 patients (23.8%) went home. Three minor events (< 0.5%) involving two episodes of arrhythmias and a hypotension event interrupted the therapy sessions, but mobility activities and exercises resumed that day. No major events were reported.
Conclusions:
With a highly trained multidisciplinary team and a focus on restoring function, it is feasible and safe to deliver early rehabilitation including standing and ambulation to patients on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support even those with femoral cannulation sites with veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and veno-venous extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.
Pour la visite médicale au lit du patient ?
Objectives:
We examined the effects of introducing patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds in the medical ICU with respect to rounding efficiency, provider satisfaction, and patient/family satisfaction.
Design:
A prospective, nonblinded, nonrandomized, parallel group study from June 21, 2016, to August 15, 2016.
Setting:
The medical ICU at a tertiary care academic medical center.
Subjects:
A consecutive sample of adult patients, family members, and healthcare providers. The patients and healthcare providers were arbitrarily assigned to either the patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds or nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round care team.
Interventions:
Healthcare providers on the patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds team were educated about their respective roles and the information they were expected to discuss on rounds each day. Rounds completion data and satisfaction questionnaires from healthcare providers, patients, and family members were obtained from both patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds and nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round teams.
Measurements and Main Results:
Data were obtained from 367 patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds and 298 nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round patient encounters. Family members were present during 31.1% rounding encounters on the patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds team and 10.1% encounters on the nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round team (p < 0.01). Total rounding and interruption times were significantly shorter on patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds compared with nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round patients, 16.9 ± 10.0 versus 22.4 ± 14.9 and 2.0 ± 2.2 versus 3.9 ± 5.5 minutes, respectively (both p < 0.01). Mechanical ventilation, patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds, and attending style independently contributed to the earlier completion of rounds (all p < 0.01). Surveys of 338 healthcare provider encounters on the patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds team compared with 301 nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round encounters showed perceptions of improved communication of patient management plans, increased input from the entire team, and clarity on task assignments (all p < 0.05). The attending physicians provided teaching points on 51.2% of patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds compared with 33.9% of nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round patient encounters (p < 0.01). For the patients and family members surveyed, 38 patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds, and 30 nonstructured interdisciplinary bedside round, there were no differences in measures of satisfaction.
Conclusions:
Patient-centered structured interdisciplinary bedside rounds provide a venue for increased rounding efficiency, provider satisfaction, and consistent teaching, without impacting patient/family perception.
La dysphagie post-ventilation mécanique, prédictrice de mortalité ? l’étude DYnAMICS
Schefold et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002765
Objectives:
Swallowing disorders may be associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients following invasive mechanical ventilation. We investigated the incidence of dysphagia, its time course, and association with clinically relevant outcomes in extubated critically ill patients.
Design:
Prospective observational trial with systematic dysphagia screening and follow-up until 90 days or death.
Settings:
ICU of a tertiary care academic center.
Patients:
One thousand three-hundred four admissions of mixed adult ICU patients (median age, 66.0 yr [interquartile range, 54.0–74.0]; Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-II score, 19.0 [interquartile range, 14.0–24.0]) were screened for postextubation dysphagia. Primary ICU admissions (n = 933) were analyzed and followed up until 90 days or death. Patients from an independent academic center served as confirmatory cohort (n = 220).
Interventions:
Bedside screening for dysphagia was performed within 3 hours after extubation by trained ICU nurses. Positive screening triggered confirmatory specialist bedside swallowing examinations and follow-up until hospital discharge.
Measurements and Main Results:
Dysphagia screening was positive in 12.4% (n = 116/933) after extubation (18.3% of emergency and 4.9% of elective patients) and confirmed by specialists within 24 hours from positive screening in 87.3% (n = 96/110, n = 6 missing data). The dysphagia incidence at ICU discharge was 10.3% (n = 96/933) of which 60.4% (n = 58/96) remained positive until hospital discharge. Days on feeding tube, length of mechanical ventilation and ICU/hospital stay, and hospital mortality were higher in patients with dysphagia (all p < 0.001). The univariate hazard ratio for 90-day mortality for dysphagia was 3.74 (95% CI, 2.01–6.95; p < 0.001). After adjustment for disease severity and length of mechanical ventilation, dysphagia remained an independent predictor for 28-day and 90-day mortality (excess 90-d mortality 9.2%).
Conclusions:
Dysphagia after extubation was common in ICU patients, sustained until hospital discharge in the majority of affected patients, and was an independent predictor of death. Dysphagia after mechanical ventilation may be an overlooked problem. Studies on underlying causes and therapeutic interventions seem warranted.
Méta-analyse sur l’association TAZO-VANCO : risque rénal ?
Luther et al. CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002769
Recommendations sur la prise en charge de l’Insuffisance Surrénalienne relative en Réanimation (2ème partie)
Pastores et al., CCM, 2018
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002840
Antagonisation des curares avec un TOF à 4/4 >90 % ?
Murphy et al., Anesthesiology, 2018
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2656315
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001893
Background: When a muscle relaxant is administered to facilitate intubation, the benefits of anticholinesterase reversal must be balanced with potential risks. The aim of this double-blinded, randomized noninferiority trial was to evaluate the effect of neostigmine administration on neuromuscular function when given to patients after spontaneous recovery to a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater.
Methods: A total of 120 patients presenting for surgery requiring intubation were given a small dose of rocuronium. At the conclusion of surgery, 90 patients achieving a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater were randomized to receive either neostigmine 40 μg/kg or saline (control). Train-of-four ratios were measured from the time of reversal until postanesthesia care unit admission. Patients were monitored for postextubation adverse respiratory events and assessed for muscle strength.
Results: Ninety patients achieved a train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater at the time of reversal. Mean train-of-four ratios in the control and neostigmine groups before reversal (1.02 vs. 1.03), 5 min postreversal (1.05 vs. 1.07), and at postanesthesia care unit admission (1.06 vs. 1.08) did not differ. The mean difference and corresponding 95% CI of the latter were −0.018 and −0.046 to 0.010. The incidences of postoperative hypoxemic events and episodes of airway obstruction were similar for the groups. The number of patients with postoperative signs and symptoms of muscle weakness did not differ between groups (except for double vision: 13 in the control group and 2 in the neostigmine group; P = 0.001).
Conclusions: Administration of neostigmine at neuromuscular recovery was not associated with clinical evidence of anticholinesterase-induced muscle weakness.
Retour des colloïdes dans les boucles de gestion hémodynamique en chirurgie abdominale majeure ?
Joosten et al., Anesthesiology, 2018
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2660173
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001936
Background: The type of fluid and volume regimen given intraoperatively both can impact patient outcome after major surgery. This two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled, double-blind, bi-center superiority study tested the hypothesis that when using closed-loop assisted goal-directed fluid therapy, balanced colloids are associated with fewer postoperative complications compared to balanced crystalloids in patients having major elective abdominal surgery.
Methods: One hundred and sixty patients were enrolled in the protocol. All patients had maintenance-balanced crystalloid administration of 3 ml · kg–1 · h–1. A closed-loop system delivered additional 100-ml fluid boluses (patients were randomized to receive either a balanced-crystalloid or colloid solution) according to a predefined goal-directed strategy, using a stroke volume and stroke volume variation monitor. All patients were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the Post-Operative Morbidity Survey score, a nine-domain scale, at day 2 postsurgery. Secondary outcomes included all postoperative complications.
Results: Patients randomized in the colloid group had a lower Post-Operative Morbidity Survey score (median [interquartile range] of 2 [1 to 3] vs. 3 [1 to 4], difference –1 [95% CI, –1 to 0]; P < 0.001) and a lower incidence of postoperative complications. Total volume of fluid administered intraoperatively and net fluid balance were significantly lower in the colloid group.
Conclusions: Under our study conditions, a colloid-based goal-directed fluid therapy was associated with fewer postoperative complications than a crystalloid one. This beneficial effect may be related to a lower intraoperative fluid balance when a balanced colloid was used. However, given the study design, the mechanism for the difference cannot be determined with certainty.
HEA vs Albumine 5% : pas de différence en péri-opératoire ?
Kammerer et al., Anesthesiology, 2018
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2660172
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001927
Background: The use of artificial colloids has declined in critical care, whereas they are still used in perioperative medicine. Little is known about the nephrotoxic potential in noncritically ill patients during routine surgery. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the influences of albumin 5% and balanced hydroxyethyl starch 6% (130/0.4) on renal function and kidney injury.
Methods: One hundred urologic patients undergoing elective cystectomy were randomly assigned for this prospective, single-blinded, controlled study with two parallel groups to receive either albumin 5% or balanced hydroxyethyl starch 6% (130/0.4) as the only perioperative colloid. The primary endpoint was the ratio of serum cystatin C between the last visit at day 90 and the first preoperative visit. Secondary endpoints were estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin until the third postoperative day and risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease criteria at postoperative days 3 and 90.
Results: The median cystatin C ratio was 1.11 (interquartile range, 1.01 to 1.23) in the albumin and 1.08 (interquartile range, 1.00 to 1.20) in the hydroxyethyl starch group (median difference = 0.03; 95% CI, –0.09 to 0.08; P = 0.165). Also, there were no significant differences concerning serum cystatin C concentrations; estimated glomerular filtration rate; risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage renal disease criteria; and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Infusion requirements, transfusion rates, and perioperative hemodynamics were similar in both groups.
Conclusions: With respect to renal function and kidney injury, this study indicates that albumin 5% and balanced hydroxyethyl starch 6% have comparable safety profiles in noncritically ill patients undergoing major surgery.
ALR en chirurgie de l’épaule : BIS versus bloc suprascapulaire ? méta-analyse
Hussain et al., Anesthesiology, 2017
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2657151
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001894
Nouveaux critères d’ECMO pré-hospitalière pour un meilleur outcome ?
Chouihed et al., Shock, 2018
doi:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000941
Background:
Despite recent management improvement, including Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS), refractory out of hospital cardiac arrest (ROHCA) survival remains dramatically low.
Methods:
We assessed an innovative strategy (Out of hoSpital Cardiac ARrest–ExtraCorporeal Life Support—“OSCAR-ECLS”) to optimize access to ECLS of ROHCA patients and reduce the delay between recognition and ECLS implantation.
Methods:
This study, conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital, compared the survival and delay times of ROHCA patients treated by ECLS before and after OSCAR-ECLS implementation. This procedure included an early recognition of ROHCA 10 min after initiation of advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation; the optimization of patient selection and reduction in time from collapse to ECLS initiation.
Results:
Fourteen patients before and 32 patients after OSCAR-ECLS implementation were identified between 2013 and 2016. Time to ECLS initiation was 99 (90–107) min before OSCAR-ECLS vs. 80 (65–94) min during the OSCAR-ECLS period (P = 0.0007), mostly due to a reduction in time spent on site: 48 (40.0–54.0) min vs. 24 (20.0–28.0) min (P = 0.0001). Survival at hospital discharge was 7% (1/14) before OSCAR-ECLS and 25% (8/32) during the OSCAR-ECLS period (P = 0.20). Only one patient survived with a Glasgow Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score = 1 before the OSCAR-ECLS procedure while during the OSCAR-ECLS procedure, eight patients (25%) survived, six with a CPC score = 1, one with a CPC score = 2, and one with a CPC score = 3.
Conclusions:
The use of a new paradigm of ROHCA dramatically shortened the time to ECLS initiation by reducing the time spent on site by more than 20 min. Survival improved from 7% to 25% after implementation of OSCAR-ECLS.
FibAT : Score de prédiction d’hypofibrinogénémie chez les traumas
Gauss et al., EJA, 2017
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000734
BACKGROUND
Early recognition of low fibrinogen concentrations in trauma patients is crucial for timely haemostatic treatment and laboratory testing is too slow to inform decision-making.
OBJECTIVE
To develop a simple clinical tool to predict low fibrinogen concentrations in trauma patients on arrival.
DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.
SETTING
Three designated level 1 trauma centres in the Paris Region, from January 2011 to December 2013.
PATIENTS
Patients admitted in accordance with national triage guidelines for major trauma and plasma fibrinogen concentration testing on admission.
INTERVENTION
Construction of a clinical score [Fibrinogen on Admission in Trauma (FibAT) score] in a derivation cohort to predict fibrinogen plasma concentration 1.5 g l−1 or less after multiple regressions. One point was given for each predictive factor. The score was the sum of all. Validation was performed in a separate validation cohort.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Predictive accuracy of FibAT score.
RESULTS
In total, 2936 patients were included, 2124 in the derivation cohort and 812 in the validation cohort. In the derivation cohort, a multivariate logistic model identified the following predictive factors for plasma fibrinogen concentrations 1.5 g l−1 or less: age less than 33 years, prehospital heart rate more than 100 beats per minute, prehospital SBP less than 100 mmHg, blood lactate concentration on admission more than 2.5 mmol l−1, free intraabdominal fluid on sonography, decrease in haemoglobin concentration from prehospital to admission of more than 2 g dl−1, capillary haemoglobin concentration on admission less than 12 g dl−1 and temperature on admission less than 36°C. The FibAT score had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 [95% confidence interval (0.86 to 0.91)] in the derivation cohort and of 0.82 (95% confidence interval (0.86 to 0.91)] in the validation cohort to predict a low plasma fibrinogen.
CONCLUSION
The FibAT score accurately predicts plasma fibrinogen levels 1.5 g l−1 or less on admission in trauma patients. This easy-to-use score could allow early, goal-directed therapy to trauma patients.
Revue des revues Cochrane en Anesthésie/Réanimation/Médecin d’Urgence : y’a un loup ?
Conway et al, EJA, 2017
BACKGROUND
The association between the quality of evidence in systematic reviews and authors’ conclusions regarding the effectiveness of interventions relevant to anaesthesia has not been examined.
OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were: to determine the proportion of systematic reviews in which the authors made a conclusive statement about the effect of an intervention; to describe the quality of evidence derived from outcomes in reviews that used the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group system for grading the quality of evidence; and to identify review characteristics associated with conclusiveness.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional analysis of Cochrane systematic reviews from the Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency Review Group was undertaken.
DATA SOURCES
The Cochrane webpage was used to identify reviews for inclusion (http://.ace.cochrane.org/).
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
New and updated versions of systematic reviews published up to 17 September 2015 were eligible. Protocols for systematic reviews were excluded.
RESULTS
A total of 159 reviews were included. GRADE was used in 103 reviews (65%). Of these, high-level evidence for the primary outcome was identified in 11 reviews (10%). The main reasons that quality of evidence for the primary outcome was downgraded were risk of bias (n = 44; 43%) and imprecision (n = 36; 35%). Authors of 47% (n = 75) of the total number of reviews made conclusive statements about the effects of interventions. Independent predictors of conclusiveness in the subgroup of reviews with GRADE assessments were quality of evidence for the primary outcome (odds ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval: [1.18 to 3.52] and an increasing number of studies included in reviews (OR 1.05; 95% CI: [1.01 to 1.09]).
CONCLUSION
It was common for conclusive statements to be made about the effects of interventions despite evidence for the primary outcome being rated less than high quality. Improving methodological quality of trials would have the greatest impact on improving the quality of evidence.
Serious game : intérêt pédagogique limité ?
Drummond et al., EJA, 2017
doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000675
BACKGROUND
Although both recorded lectures and serious games have been used to pretrain health professionals before simulation training on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, they have never been compared.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to compare an online course and a serious game for pretraining medical students before simulation-based mastery learning on the management of sudden cardiac arrest.
DESIGN
A randomised controlled trial. Participants were pretrained using the online course or the serious game on day 1 and day 7. On day 8, each participant was evaluated repeatedly on a scenario of cardiac arrest until reaching a minimum passing score.
SETTING
Department of Simulation in Healthcare in a French medical faculty.
PARTICIPANTS
Eighty-two volunteer second-year medical students participated between June and October 2016 and 79 were assessed for primary outcome.
INTERVENTIONS
The serious game used was Staying Alive, which involved a 3D realistic environment, and the online course involved a PowerPoint lecture.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The median total training time needed for students to reach the minimum passing score on day 8. This same outcome was also assessed 4 months later.
RESULTS
The median training time (interquartile range) necessary for students to reach the minimum passing score was similar between the two groups: 20.5 (15.8 to 30.3) minutes in the serious game group versus 23 (15 to 32) minutes in the online course group, P = 0.51. Achieving an appropriate degree of chest compression was the most difficult requirement to fulfil for students in both groups. Four months later, the median training time decreased significantly in both groups, but no correlation was found at an individual level with the training times observed on day 8.
CONCLUSION
The serious game used in this study was not superior to an online course to pretrain medical students in the management of a cardiac arrest. The absence of any correlation between the performances of students evaluated during two training sessions separated by 4 months suggests that some elements in the management of cardiac arrest such as compression depth can only be partially learned and retained after a simulation-based training.
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