Biblio du mois : Septembre 2017
30 septembre 2017
Et oui malgré ces choix de stages quelque peu houleux, la bonne biblio du mois de l’AJAR, elle, arrive en temps et en heure pour les nouveaux DESARMIR !
Au programme, de la géronto-réanimation et de l’anesthésie pédiatrique avec leurs impacts pour les plus « extrêmes » d’entre nous 😉
On s’intéressera aussi à l’âge des globules rouges dans les poches de transfusion et des revues sur l’hémostase, la MTEV, la transfusion … Du delirium et de la suppléance d’organes.On notera également une surprenante étude sur le Ginseng (pas de lien d’intérêt à déclarer à l’AJAR malgré les apparences)
En tout cas, le message de la biblio de ce mois-ci : Rien n’est anodin !
Antibiothérapie, Transfusion, Oxygénothérapie, Sédation, etc.
==> « Primum non nocere » (bisous à tous ceux qui ont ou qui vont passer leur thèse !)Même la dernière biblio n’était pas anodine ! La voici pour ceux qui étaient en vacances (grosse composante cardio ;-)) : https://www.ajar-online.fr/biblio-du-mois-aout-2017/
Et on en profite pour vous rappeler l’article sur les petits moyens pour profiter au mieux de la biblio : https://www.ajar-online.fr/biblio-du-mois-le-tuto-pour-se-maintenir-informe/ 😉
Impact de l’âge des CGR en Réanimation ?
Cooper et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1707572?query=TOC
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707572
BACKGROUND
It is uncertain whether the duration of red-cell storage affects mortality after transfusion among critically ill adults.
METHODS
In an international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, we assigned critically ill adults to receive either the freshest available, compatible, allogeneic red cells (short-term storage group) or standard-issue (oldest available), compatible, allogeneic red cells (long-term storage group). The primary outcome was 90-day mortality.
RESULTS
From November 2012 through December 2016, at 59 centers in five countries, 4994 patients underwent randomization and 4919 (98.5%) were included in the primary analysis. Among the 2457 patients in the short-term storage group, the mean storage duration was 11.8 days. Among the 2462 patients in the long-term storage group, the mean storage duration was 22.4 days. At 90 days, there were 610 deaths (24.8%) in the short-term storage group and 594 (24.1%) in the long-term storage group (absolute risk difference, 0.7 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.7 to 3.1; P=0.57). At 180 days, the absolute risk difference was 0.4 percentage points (95% CI, −2.1 to 3.0; P=0.75). Most of the prespecified secondary measures showed no significant between-group differences in outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
The age of transfused red cells did not affect 90-day mortality among critically ill adults.
3 articles pour la fermeture de foramen ovale après un AVC :
- Mas et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1705915
- Saver et al. NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1610057
- Søndergaard et al, NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1707404
Revue sur la transfusion sanguine : indications & effets indésirables
Carsonet al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1612789
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1612789
Revue sur le bilan de thrombophilie : facile à prescrire, plus difficile à interpréter
Connors et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1700365
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1700365
Revue sur l’asthme sévère
israel et al., NEJM, 2017
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
Prescription d’ATB : pas anodin !
Tamma et al, JAMA Intern Med, 2017
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2630756
doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1938
Importance Estimates of the incidence of overall antibiotic-associated adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospitalized patients are generally unavailable.
Objective To describe the incidence of antibiotic-associated ADEs for adult inpatients receiving systemic antibiotic therapy.
Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort of adult inpatients admitted to general medicine wards at an academic medical center.
Exposures At least 24 hours of any parenteral or oral antibiotic therapy.
Main Outcomes and Measures Medical records of 1488 patients were examined for 30 days after antibiotic initiation for the development of the following antibiotic-associated ADEs: gastrointestinal, dermatologic, musculoskeletal, hematologic, hepatobiliary, renal, cardiac, and neurologic; and 90 days for the development of Clostridium difficile infection or incident multidrug-resistant organism infection, based on adjudication by 2 infectious diseases trained clinicians.
Results In 1488 patients, the median age was 59 years (interquartile range, 49-69 years), and 758 (51%) participants were female. A total of 298 (20%) patients experienced at least 1 antibiotic-associated ADE. Furthermore, 56 (20%) non–clinically indicated antibiotic regimens were associated with an ADE, including 7 cases of C difficile infection. Every additional 10 days of antibiotic therapy conferred a 3% increased risk of an ADE. The most common ADEs were gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic abnormalities, accounting for 78 (42%), 45 (24%), and 28 (15%) 30-day ADEs, respectively. Notable differences were identified between the incidence of ADEs associated with specific antibiotics.
Conclusions and Relevance Although antibiotics may play a critical role when used appropriately, our findings underscore the importance of judicious antibiotic prescribing to reduce the harm that can result from antibiotic-associated ADEs.
ATB post-césarienne chez les obèses ?
Valent et al., JAMA, 2017
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2654382
doi:10.1001/jama.2017.10567
Importance The rate of obesity among US women has been increasing, and obesity is associated with increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI) following cesarean delivery. The optimal perioperative antibiotic prophylactic regimen in this high-risk population undergoing cesarean delivery is unknown.
Objective To determine rates of SSI among obese women who receive prophylactic oral cephalexin and metronidazole vs placebo for 48 hours following cesarean delivery.
Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing oral cephalexin and metronidazole vs placebo for 48 hours following cesarean delivery for the prevention of SSI in obese women (prepregnancy BMI ≥30) who had received standard intravenous preoperative cephalosporin prophylaxis. Randomization was stratified by intact vs rupture of membranes prior to delivery. The study was conducted at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, an academic and urban setting, between October 2010 and December 2015, with final follow-up through February 2016.
Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive oral cephalexin, 500 mg, and metronidazole, 500 mg (n = 202 participants), vs identical-appearing placebo (n = 201 participants) every 8 hours for a total of 48 hours following cesarean delivery.
Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was SSI, defined as any superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space infections within 30 days after cesarean delivery.
Results Among 403 randomized participants who were included (mean age, 28 [SD, 6] years; mean BMI, 39.7 [SD, 7.8]), 382 (94.6%) completed the trial. The overall rate of SSI was 10.9% (95% CI, 7.9%-14.0%). Surgical site infection was diagnosed in 13 women (6.4%) in the cephalexin-metronidazole group vs 31 women (15.4%) in the placebo group (difference, 9.0% [95% CI, 2.9%-15.0%]; relative risk, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.22-0.77]; P = .01). There were no serious adverse events, including allergic reaction, reported in either the antibiotic group or the placebo group.
Conclusions and Relevance Among obese women undergoing cesarean delivery who received the standard preoperative cephalosporin prophylaxis, a postoperative 48-hour course of oral cephalexin and metronidazole, compared with placebo, reduced the rate of SSI within 30 days after delivery. For prevention of SSI among obese women after cesarean delivery, prophylactic oral cephalexin and metronidazole may be warranted.
Pas d’O2 systématique pour les AVC non plus ?
(Rappel de l’article du mois dernier du NEJM sur l’absence d’utilité mise en évidence d’O2 systématique pour les suspicions d’IDM : https://www.ajar-online.fr/biblio-du-mois-aout-2017/)
Roffe et al., JAMA, 2017
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2654819
doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11463
Importance Hypoxia is common in the first few days after acute stroke, is frequently intermittent, and is often undetected. Oxygen supplementation could prevent hypoxia and secondary neurological deterioration and thus has the potential to improve recovery.
Objective To assess whether routine prophylactic low-dose oxygen therapy was more effective than control oxygen administration in reducing death and disability at 90 days, and if so, whether oxygen given at night only, when hypoxia is most frequent, and oxygen administration is least likely to interfere with rehabilitation, was more effective than continuous supplementation.
Design, Setting, and Participants In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 8003 adults with acute stroke were enrolled from 136 participating centers in the United Kingdom within 24 hours of hospital admission if they had no clear indications for or contraindications to oxygen treatment (first patient enrolled April 24, 2008; last follow-up January 27, 2015).
Interventions Participants were randomized 1:1:1 to continuous oxygen for 72 hours (n = 2668), nocturnal oxygen (21:00 to 07:00 hours) for 3 nights (n = 2667), or control (oxygen only if clinically indicated; n = 2668). Oxygen was given via nasal tubes at 3 L/min if baseline oxygen saturation was 93% or less and at 2 L/min if oxygen saturation was greater than 93%.
Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was reported using the modified Rankin Scale score (disability range, 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [death]; minimum clinically important difference, 1 point), assessed at 90 days by postal questionnaire (participant aware, assessor blinded). The modified Rankin Scale score was analyzed by ordinal logistic regression, which yields a common odds ratio (OR) for a change from one disability level to the next better (lower) level; OR greater than 1.00 indicates improvement.
Results A total of 8003 patients (4398 (55%) men; mean [SD] age, 72 [13] years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 5; mean baseline oxygen saturation, 96.6%) were enrolled. The primary outcome was available for 7677 (96%) participants. The unadjusted OR for a better outcome (calculated via ordinal logistic regression) was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.05; P = .47) for oxygen vs control, and the OR was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.13; P = .61) for continuous vs nocturnal oxygen. No subgroup could be identified that benefited from oxygen. At least 1 serious adverse event occurred in 348 (13.0%) participants in the continuous oxygen group, 294 (11.0%) in the nocturnal group, and 322 (12.1%) in the control group. No significant harms were identified.
Conclusions and Relevance Among nonhypoxic patients with acute stroke, the prophylactic use of low-dose oxygen supplementation did not reduce death or disability at 3 months. These findings do not support low-dose oxygen in this setting.
Revue sur les traumatisés crâniens sévères
Stocchetti et al., The Lancet. Neurology, 2017
https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2817%2930118-7&display-tab=summary-content
Edito sur la toxicité de l’anesthésie en pédiatrie
O’Leary et al., BJA, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex141
Score de prédiction de transfusion sanguine péri-opératoire de chirurgie cardiaque
Klein et al., BJA, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex205
Background. A simple and accurate scoring system to predict risk of transfusion for patients undergoing cardiac surgery is lacking.
We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from the ACTA National Audit. For the derivation dataset, we included data from 20 036 patients, which we then externally validated using a further group of 1047 patients.
Methods. We identified independent risk factors associated with transfusion by performing univariate analysis, followed by logistic regression. We then simplified the score to an integer-based system and tested it using the area under the receiver operator characteristic (AUC) statistic with a Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Finally, the scoring system was applied to the external validation dataset and the same statistical methods applied to test the accuracy of the ACTA-PORT score.
Results. Several factors were independently associated with risk of transfusion, including age, sex, body surface area, logistic EuroSCORE, preoperative haemoglobin and creatinine, and type of surgery. In our primary dataset, the score accurately predicted risk of perioperative transfusion in cardiac surgery patients with an AUC of 0.76. The external validation confirmed accuracy of the scoring method with an AUC of 0.84 and good agreement across all scores, with a minor tendency to under-estimate transfusion risk in very high-risk patients.
Conclusions. The ACTA-PORT score is a reliable, validated tool for predicting risk of transfusion for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This and other scores can be used in research studies for risk adjustment when assessing outcomes, and might also be incorporated into a Patient Blood Management programme.
Echec de preuve pour l’utilisation de la thrombo-élastométrie en obstétrique ?
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Les PFC
Collins et al, BJA, 2017
https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/119/3/422/4108016/Viscoelastometry-guided-fresh-frozen-plasma
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex245
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Le Fibrinogène
Collins et al, BJA, 2017
https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/119/3/411/3979515/Viscoelastometric-guided-early-fibrinogen
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex181
Revue sur le Delirium des personnes âgées
Oh et al, JAMA, 2017
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2654826
doi:10.1001/jama.2017.12067
Méta-analyse sur la dexaméthasone IV vs périnerveuse en ALR
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex191
Revue sur la vidéolaryngo vs laryngoscopie simple
Lewis et al., BJA, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex228
Revue sur les troubles rares de la coagulation
Strauss et al., BJA, 2017
https://academic.oup.com/bja/article/119/3/354/4093152/Perioperative-management-of-rare-coagulation
https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aex198
Echographie thoracique pour prévoir l’échec d’extubation ?
Silva et al., Anesthesiology, 2017
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2642709
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001773
Background: Recent studies suggest that isolated sonographic assessment of the respiratory, cardiac, or neuromuscular functions in mechanically ventilated patients may assist in identifying patients at risk of postextubation distress. The aim of the present study was to prospectively investigate the value of an integrated thoracic ultrasound evaluation, encompassing bedside respiratory, cardiac, and diaphragm sonographic data in predicting postextubation distress.
Methods: Longitudinal ultrasound data from 136 patients who were extubated after passing a trial of pressure support ventilation were measured immediately after the start and at the end of this trial. In case of postextubation distress (31 of 136 patients), an additional combined ultrasound assessment was performed while the patient was still in acute respiratory failure. We applied machine-learning methods to improve the accuracy of the related predictive assessments.
Results: Overall, integrated thoracic ultrasound models accurately predict postextubation distress when applied to thoracic ultrasound data immediately recorded before the start and at the end of the trial of pressure support ventilation (learning sample area under the curve: start, 0.921; end, 0.951; test sample area under the curve: start, 0.972; end, 0.920). Among integrated thoracic ultrasound data, the recognition of lung interstitial edema and the increased telediastolic left ventricular pressure were the most relevant predictive factors. In addition, the use of thoracic ultrasound appeared to be highly accurate in identifying the causes of postextubation distress.
Conclusions: The decision to attempt extubation could be significantly assisted by an integrative, dynamic, and fully bedside ultrasonographic assessment of cardiac, lung, and diaphragm functions.
Troubles de l’attention associés à l’Anesthésie Générale en Pédiatrie ?
Hu et al., Anesthesiology, 2017
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2633150
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001735
Background: Exposure of young animals to general anesthesia causes neurodegeneration and lasting behavioral abnormalities; whether these findings translate to children remains unclear. This study used a population-based birth cohort to test the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures to procedures requiring general anesthesia before age 3 yr are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Methods: A retrospective study cohort was assembled from children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2000 (inclusive). Propensity matching selected children exposed and not exposed to general anesthesia before age 3 yr. Outcomes ascertained via medical and school records included learning disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and group-administered ability and achievement tests. Analysis methods included proportional hazard regression models and mixed linear models.
Results: For the 116 multiply exposed, 457 singly exposed, and 463 unexposed children analyzed, multiple, but not single, exposures were associated with an increased frequency of both learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (hazard ratio for learning disabilities = 2.17 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.59], unexposed as reference). Multiple exposures were associated with decreases in both cognitive ability and academic achievement. Single exposures were associated with modest decreases in reading and language achievement but not cognitive ability.
Conclusions: These findings in children anesthetized with modern techniques largely confirm those found in an older birth cohort and provide additional evidence that children with multiple exposures are more likely to develop adverse outcomes related to learning and attention. Although a robust association was observed, these data do not determine whether anesthesia per se is causal.
Pupillométrie pour diminuer la consommation d’opioïdes ?
Sabourdin et al., Anesthesiology, 2017
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2644317
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001705
Background: Pupillometry has shown promising results for assessing nociception in anesthetized patients. However, its benefits in clinical practice are not demonstrated. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the impact of intraoperative pupillometry monitoring on perioperative opioid consumption in major gynecologic surgery.
Methods: After receiving ethics committee approval and written consent of patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists status I to II women undergoing gynecologic surgery were included in this single-blinded, prospective, parallel-arm randomized study. General anesthesia was standardized with propofol–remifentanil target-controlled infusion. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. In the pupillometry group, remifentanil administration was guided by pupillary diameter changes. In the standard group, remifentanil administration was left to the discretion of the anesthesiologist. The primary outcome was intraoperative remifentanil consumption.
Results: Fifty-five patients were analyzed. Remifentanil consumption was markedly decreased in the pupillometry group (3.8 [3.4 to 4.8 µg · kg–1 · h–1] vs. 7.9 µg · kg–1 · h–1 [6.5 to 9.0 µg · kg–1 · h–1] in the standard group; difference = 4.2 µg · kg–1 · h–1 [95% CI, 3.0 to 5.3 µg · kg–1 · h–1]; P < 0.001). Cumulative 0- to 12-h morphine consumption was reduced in the pupillometry group (two-way repeated measures ANOVA 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/kg; P = 0.048). A telephone survey 3 months after surgery revealed that 15 of 29 patients in the standard group still experienced procedure-related pain versus 3 of 23 in the pupillometry group (chi-square P = 0.037). No adverse events associated with pupillometry were observed during the study.
Conclusions: The use of pupillometry to guide intraoperative analgesia reduced intraoperative remifentanil consumption and postoperative morphine requirements. The possible consequences of decreasing intraoperative remifentanil in terms of chronic pain require further investigation.
Score prédictif de succès d’extubation chez les traumatisés crâniens
Asehnoune et al., Anesthesiology, 2017
http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2634631
doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000001725
Background: Patients with brain injury are at high risk of extubation failure.
Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in four intensive care units of three university hospitals. The aim of the study was to create a score that could predict extubation success in patients with brain injury.
Results: A total of 437 consecutive patients with brain injury were included, and 338 patients (77.3%) displayed successful extubation. In the multivariate analysis, four features were associated with success the day of extubation: age less than 40 yr, visual pursuit, swallowing attempts, and a Glasgow coma score greater than 10. In the score, each item counted as one. A score of 3 or greater was associated with 90% extubation success. The area under the receiver–operator curve was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.81). After internal validation by bootstrap, the area under the receiver–operator curve was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.79). Extubation success was significantly associated with shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (11 [95% CI, 5 to 17 days] vs. 22 days [95% CI, 13 to 29 days]; P < 0.0001), shorter intensive care unit length of stay (15 [95% CI, 9 to 23 days] vs. 27 days [95% CI, 21 to 36 days]; P < 0.0001), and lower in-intensive care unit mortality (4 [1.2%] vs. 11 [11.1%]; P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: Our score exploring both airway functions and neurologic status may increase the probability of successful extubation in patients with severe brain injury.
Méta-analyse sur l’HFO
(dédicace à un professeur MIR émérite, HFO : High-Frequency Oscillatory pour les plus jeunes)
Meade et al., AJRCCM, 2017
http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201609-1938OC
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201609-1938OC
Rationale: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is theoretically beneficial for lung protection, but the results of clinical trials are inconsistent, with study-level meta-analyses suggesting no significant effect on mortality.
Objectives: The aim of this individual patient data meta-analysis was to identify acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patient subgroups with differential outcomes from HFOV.
Methods: After a comprehensive search for trials, two reviewers independently identified randomized trials comparing HFOV with conventional ventilation for adults with ARDS. Prespecified effect modifiers were tested using multivariable hierarchical logistic regression models, adjusting for important prognostic factors and clustering effects.
Measurements and Main Results: Data from 1,552 patients in four trials were analyzed, applying uniform definitions for study variables and outcomes. Patients had a mean baseline PaO2/FiO2 of 114 ± 39 mm Hg; 40% had severe ARDS (PaO2/FiO2 <100 mm Hg). Mortality at 30 days was 321 of 785 (40.9%) for HFOV patients versus 288 of 767 (37.6%) for control subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–1.46; P = 0.16). This treatment effect varied, however, depending on baseline severity of hypoxemia (P = 0.0003), with harm increasing with PaO2/FiO2 among patients with mild-moderate ARDS, and the possibility of decreased mortality in patients with very severe ARDS. Compliance and body mass index did not modify the treatment effect. HFOV increased barotrauma risk compared with conventional ventilation (adjusted odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.96; P = 0.04).
Conclusions: HFOV increases mortality for most patients with ARDS but may improve survival among patients with severe hypoxemia on conventional mechanical ventilation.
Effets du débit avec l’Optiflow
(ou comment publier avec 17 patients)
Mauri et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
Limited data exist on the correlation between higher flow rates of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and its physiologic effects in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). We assessed the effects of HFNC delivered at increasing flow rate on inspiratory effort, work of breathing, minute ventilation, lung volumes, dynamic compliance and oxygenation in AHRF patients.
Methods
A prospective randomized cross-over study was performed in non-intubated patients with patients AHRF and a PaO2/FiO2 (arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio of ≤300 mmHg. A standard non-occlusive facial mask and HFNC at different flow rates (30, 45 and 60 l/min) were randomly applied, while maintaining constant FiO2 (20 min/step). At the end of each phase, we measured arterial blood gases, inspiratory effort, based on swings in esophageal pressure (ΔPes) and on the esophageal pressure–time product (PTPPes), and lung volume, by electrical impedance tomography.
Results
Seventeen patients with AHRF were enrolled in the study. At increasing flow rate, HFNC reduced ΔPes (p < 0.001) and PTPPes (p < 0.001), while end-expiratory lung volume (ΔEELV), tidal volume to ΔPes ratio (VT/ΔPes, which corresponds to dynamic lung compliance) and oxygenation improved (p < 0.01 for all factors). Higher HFNC flow rate also progressively reduced minute ventilation (p < 0.05) without any change in arterial CO2 tension (p = 0.909). The decrease in ΔPes, PTPPes and minute ventilation at increasing flow rates was better described by exponential fitting, while ΔEELV, VT/ΔPes and oxygenation improved linearly.
Conclusions
In this cohort of patients with AHRF, an increasing HFNC flow rate progressively decreased inspiratory effort and improved lung aeration, dynamic compliance and oxygenation. Most of the effect on inspiratory workload and CO2 clearance was already obtained at the lowest flow rate.
Etude rétrospective sur la Géronto-Réanimation aux Pays-Bas
Karakus et al., ICM, 2017
Purpose
To describe the trends in short-term and long-term mortality in very elderly intensive care unit (ICU) patients between 2008 and 2014.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the National Intensive Care Evaluation Foundation from 31 Dutch ICUs. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to determine the change in adjusted short-term mortality (ICU/hospital deaths) and long-term mortality (3, 6, and 12 months after ICU admission) over the period 2008–2014 in very elderly patients and in patients less than 80 years old admitted to the ICU.
Results
A total of 216,196 patients admitted to 31 ICUs in the period from 2008 to 2014 were included in the study, including 28,284 (13.1%) very elderly patients (80 years or older). Follow-up data for determination of 3-, 6-, and 12-month mortality were available for, respectively, 210,005 (97.1%), 202,551 (93.7%), and 176,847 (81.8%) ICU admissions. The crude ICU and in-hospital mortality decreased, respectively, from 17.6% to 13.0% and from 30.7% to 21.0%. The annual risk-adjusted ICU and in-hospital mortality of very elderly patients (adjusted for APACHE III score, comorbidities, and admission type) decreased significantly during the study period [adjusted odds ratio 0.97 (0.95–0.99) and 0.92 (0.91–0.93), respectively]. Additionally, the annual risk-adjusted 3-, 6-, and 12-month mortality decreased significantly from 2008 to 2014 [adjusted odds ratio 0.96 (0.95–0.97), 0.96 (0.94–0.97), and 0.97 (0.95–0.98), respectively]. A similar significant annual decrease in risk-adjusted short-term and long-term mortality was observed in patients aged less than 80 years.
Conclusions
Both short-term and long-term risk-adjusted mortality decreased significantly during the study period in both very elderly ICU patients and patients aged less than 80 years in the Netherlands. This study clearly shows that in our setting very elderly patients benefit almost as much as their younger counterparts from improvement in quality of care over time.
Revue sur la dysfonction diaphragmatique en Réanimation
Dres et al., ICM, 2017
On n’oublie pas les anciens critères de choc septique !
Sterling et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002512
Objective: The Third International Consensus Definitions Task Force (Sepsis-3) recently recommended changes to the definitions of sepsis. The impact of these changes remains unclear. Our objective was to determine the outcomes of patients meeting Sepsis-3 septic shock criteria versus patients meeting the “old” (1991) criteria of septic shock only.
Design: Secondary analysis of two clinical trials of early septic shock resuscitation.
Setting: Large academic emergency departments in the United States.
Patients: Patients with suspected infection, more than or equal to two systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, and systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg after fluid resuscitation.
Interventions: Patients were further categorized as Sepsis-3 septic shock if they demonstrated hypotension, received vasopressors, and exhibited a lactate greater than 2 mmol/L. We compared in-hospital mortality in patients who met the old definition only with those who met the Sepsis-3 criteria.
Measurements and Main Results: Four hundred seventy patients were included in the present analysis. Two hundred (42.5%) met Sepsis-3 criteria, whereas 270 (57.4%) met only the old definition. Patients meeting Sepsis-3 criteria demonstrated higher severity of illness by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (9 vs 5; p < 0.001) and mortality (29% vs 14%; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis of 127 patients meeting only the old definition demonstrated significant mortality benefit following implementation of a quantitative resuscitation protocol (35% vs 10%; p = 0.006).
Conclusion: In this analysis, 57% of patients meeting old definition for septic shock did not meet Sepsis-3 criteria. Although Sepsis-3 criteria identified a group of patients with increased organ failure and higher mortality, those patients who met the old criteria and not Sepsis-3 criteria still demonstrated significant organ failure and 14% mortality rate.
L’injection de Shenfu en post-ACR intrahospitalier ?
Zhang et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002570
Objectives: Postresuscitation care bundle treatment after return of spontaneous circulation in patients experiencing in-hospital cardiac arrest can improve patients’ survival and quality of life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined therapy of Shenfu injection and postresuscitation care bundle in these patients.
Design: Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study.
Setting: Fifty hospitals in China.
Patients: Adult patients had experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest between 2012 and 2015.
Interventions: Based on the standardized postresuscitation care bundle treatment, patients were randomized to a Shenfu injection group (Shenfu injection + postresuscitation care bundle) or control group (postresuscitation care bundle) for 14 days or until hospital discharge. In the Shenfu injection group, 100 mL Shenfu injection was additionally administered via continuous IV infusion, bid.
Measurements and Main Results: The primary outcome was 28-day survival after randomization. The secondary outcomes included 90-day survival as well as the duration of mechanical ventilation and the hospital stay and the total cost of hospitalization. Of 1,022 patients enrolled, a total of 978 patients were allocated to the two groups: the control (n = 486) and Shenfu injection (n = 492) groups. The Shenfu injection group had a significantly greater 28-day survival rate (42.7%) than the control group (30.1%). Also, the Shenfu injection group had a significantly higher survival rate at 90 days (39.6%) than the control group (25.9%). Compared with patients in the control group, patients in the Shenfu injection group had lower risks of 28-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43–0.89; p = 0.009) and 90-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38–0.79; p = 0.002). In the Shenfu injection group, the duration of mechanical ventilation (8.6 ± 3.2 vs 12.7 ± 7.9 d; p < 0.001) and the hospital stay (8.7 ± 5.9 vs 13.2 ± 8.1 d; p < 0.001) were significantly less than in the control group. Irreversible brain damage was the main cause of death in both groups. No serious drug-related adverse event was recorded.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Shenfu injection in combination with conventional postresuscitation care bundle treatment is effective at improving clinical outcomes in patients with return of spontaneous circulation after in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Prévention du delirium par la visite H24/24 des familles ?
Rosa et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002588
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of an extended visitation model compared with a restricted visitation model on the occurrence of delirium among ICU patients.
Design: Prospective single-center before and after study.
Setting: Thirty-one–bed medical-surgical ICU.
Patients: All patients greater than or equal to 18 years old with expected length of stay greater than or equal to 24 hours consecutively admitted to the ICU from May 2015 to November 2015.
Interventions: Change of visitation policy from a restricted visitation model (4.5 hr/d) to an extended visitation model (12 hr/d).
Measurements and Main Results: Two hundred eighty-six patients were enrolled (141 restricted visitation model, 145 extended visitation model). The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of delirium, assessed bid using the confusion assessment method for the ICU. Predefined secondary outcomes included duration of delirium/coma; any ICU-acquired infection; ICU-acquired bloodstream infection, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection; all-cause ICU mortality; and length of ICU stay. The median duration of visits increased from 133 minutes (interquartile range, 97.7–162.0) in restricted visitation model to 245 minutes (interquartile range, 175.0–272.0) in extended visitation model (p < 0.001). Fourteen patients (9.6%) developed delirium in extended visitation model compared with 29 (20.5%) in restricted visitation model (adjusted relative risk, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.26–0.95). In comparison with restricted visitation model patients, extended visitation model patients had shorter length of delirium/coma (1.5 d [interquartile range, 1.0–3.0] vs 3.0 d [interquartile range, 2.5–5.0]; p = 0.03) and ICU stay (3.0 d [interquartile range, 2.0–4.0] vs 4.0 d [interquartile range, 2.0–6.0]; p = 0.04). The rate of ICU-acquired infections and all-cause ICU mortality did not differ significantly between the two study groups.
Conclusions: In this medical-surgical ICU, an extended visitation model was associated with reduced occurrence of delirium and shorter length of delirium/coma and ICU stay.
Delirium & Benzodiazépines chez l’enfant en Réanimation
Smith et al. CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002515
Objectives: Delirium is prevalent among critically ill children, yet associated outcomes and modifiable risk factors are not well defined. The objective of this study was to determine associations between pediatric delirium and modifiable risk factors such as benzodiazepine exposure and short-term outcomes.
Design: Secondary analysis of collected data from the prospective validation study of the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU.
Setting: Tertiary-level PICU.
Patients: Critically ill patients 6 months to 5 years old.
Interventions: None.
Measurements and Main Results: Daily delirium assessments were completed using the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Associations between baseline and in-hospital risk factors were analyzed for likelihood of ICU discharge using Cox proportional hazards regression and delirium duration using negative binomial regression. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine associations between daily risk factors and delirium presence the following day. Our 300-patient cohort had a median (interquartile range) age of 20 months (11–37 mo), and 44% had delirium for at least 1 day (1–2 d). Delirium was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of ICU discharge in preschool-aged children (age-specific hazard ratios at 60, 36, and 12 mo old were 0.17 [95% CI, 0.05–0.61], 0.50 [0.32–0.80], and 0.98 [0.68–1.41], respectively). Greater benzodiazepine exposure (75–25th percentile) was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of ICU discharge (hazard ratio, 0.65 [0.42–1.00]; p = 0.01), longer delirium duration (incidence rate ratio, 2.47 [1.36–4.49]; p = 0.005), and increased risk for delirium the following day (odds ratio, 2.83 [1.27–6.59]; p = 0.02).
Conclusions: Delirium is associated with a lower likelihood of ICU discharge in preschool-aged children. Benzodiazepine exposure is associated with the development and longer duration of delirium, and lower likelihood of ICU discharge. These findings advocate for future studies targeting modifiable risk factors, such as reduction in benzodiazepine exposure, to mitigate iatrogenic harm in pediatric patients.
Insuffisance hépatique aigue sur chronique : un MARS et ça repart ?
Gerth et al., CCM, 2017
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002562
Objectives: Acute-on-chronic liver failure is associated with numerous consecutive organ failures and a high short-term mortality rate. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system therapy has demonstrated beneficial effects on the distinct symptoms, but the associated mortality data remain controversial.
Design: Retrospective analysis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients receiving either standard medical treatment or standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system. Secondary analysis of data from the prospective randomized Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure trial by applying the recently introduced Chronic Liver Failure-criteria.
Setting: Medical Departments of University Hospital Muenster (Germany).
Patients: This analysis was conducted in two parts. First, 101 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure grades 1–3 and Chronic Liver Failure-C-Organ Failure liver subscore equals to 3 but stable pulmonary function were identified and received either standard medical treatment (standard medical treatment, n = 54) or standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (n = 47) at the University Hospital Muenster. Second, the results of this retrospective analysis were tested against the Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure trial.
Interventions: Standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system.
Measurements and Main Results: Additionally to improved laboratory variables (bilirubin and creatinine), the short-term mortality (up to day 14) of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system group was significantly reduced compared with standard medical treatment. A reduced 14-day mortality rate was observed in the molecular adsorbent recirculating system group (9.5% vs 50.0% with standard medical treatment; p = 0.004), especially in patients with multiple organ failure (acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 2–3). Concerning the affected organ system, this effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on mortality was particularly evident among patients with increased kidney, brain, or coagulation Chronic Liver Failure-C-Organ Failure subscores. Subsequent reanalysis of the Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure dataset with adoption of the Chronic Liver Failure-classification resulted in similar findings.
Conclusions: Molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment was associated with an improved short-term survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and multiple organ failure. Among these high-risk patients, molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment might bridge to liver recovery or liver transplantation.
ECMO & Etat de mort encéphalique : OK pour donner ?
Bronchard et al., CCM, 2017
Objectives: To describe donors after brain death with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and to analyze the outcome of organs transplanted from these donors.
Design: Retrospective analysis of the national information system run by the French Biomedicine Agency (CRISTAL database).
Setting: National registry data of all donors after brain death in France and their organ recipients between 2007 and 2013.
Patients: Donors after brain death and their organ recipients.
Interventions: None.
Measurements and Main Results: During the study period, there were 22,270 brain-dead patients diagnosed in France, of whom 161 with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Among these patients, 64 donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and 10,805 donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had at least one organ retrieved. Donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were significantly younger and had more severe intensive care medical conditions (hemodynamic, biological, renal, and liver insults) than donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. One hundred nine kidneys, 37 livers, seven hearts, and one lung were successfully transplanted from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We found no significant difference in 1-year kidney graft survival (p = 0.24) and function between recipients from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (92.7% [85.9–96.3%]) and matching recipients from donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (95.4% [93.0–97.0%]). We also found no significant difference in 1-year liver recipient survival (p = 0.91): 86.5% (70.5–94.1) from donors on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus 80.7% (79.8–81.6) from donors without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Conclusions: Brain-dead patients with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have more severe medical conditions than those without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. However, kidney graft survival and function were no different than usual. Brain-dead patients with ongoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are suitable for organ procurement.
Méta-analyse sur le test dynamique de réponse au remplissage
Bednarczyk et al., CCM, 2017
Objective: Dynamic tests of fluid responsiveness have been developed and investigated in clinical trials of goal-directed therapy. The impact of this approach on clinically relevant outcomes is unknown. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether fluid therapy guided by dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness compared with standard care improves clinically relevant outcomes in adults admitted to the ICU.
Data Sources: Randomized controlled trials from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, clinicaltrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to December 2016, conference proceedings, and reference lists of relevant articles.
Study Selection: Two reviewers independently identified randomized controlled trials comparing dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness with standard care for acute volume resuscitation in adults admitted to the ICU.
Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently abstracted trial-level data including population characteristics, interventions, clinical outcomes, and source of funding. Our primary outcome was mortality at longest duration of follow-up. Our secondary outcomes were ICU and hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and frequency of renal complications. The internal validity of trials was assessed in duplicate using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool.
Data Synthesis: We included 13 trials enrolling 1,652 patients. Methods used to assess fluid responsiveness included stroke volume variation (nine trials), pulse pressure variation (one trial), and stroke volume change with passive leg raise/fluid challenge (three trials). In 12 trials reporting mortality, the risk ratio for death associated with dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness was 0.59 (95% CI, 0.42–0.83; I2 = 0%; n = 1,586). The absolute risk reduction in mortality associated with dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness was –2.9% (95% CI, –5.6% to –0.2%). Dynamic assessment of fluid responsiveness was associated with reduced duration of ICU length of stay (weighted mean difference, –1.16 d [95% CI, –1.97 to –0.36]; I2 = 74%; n = 394, six trials) and mechanical ventilation (weighted mean difference, –2.98 hr [95% CI, –5.08 to –0.89]; I2 = 34%; n = 334, five trials). Three trials were adjudicated at unclear risk of bias; the remaining trials were at high risk of bias.
Conclusions: In adult patients admitted to intensive care who required acute volume resuscitation, goal-directed therapy guided by assessment of fluid responsiveness appears to be associated with reduced mortality, ICU length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. High-quality clinical trials in both medical and surgical ICU populations are warranted to inform routine care.
Effets non-hémodynamiques des catécholamines…
Hartmann (pas le chirurgien français) et al., Shock, 2017
Revue sur la maladie thrombo-embolique veineuse post-opératoire
Gordon et al., Anesthesia Analgesia, 2017
http://adaarc.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/TVP-perioperatoria.pdf
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